Index I-5B
Babies. See Embryo(s); Fetus(es);
Infant(s); Neonates
n BAC (blood alcohol
concentration), 260
Backbone, 91f, 93, 93f, 447f, 451, 451f.
See also entries under Spinal;
Vertebrae/vertebral column
Back muscles, 107
Bacteria. See also Bacterial infections
and blood–brain barrier, 253
Borrelia burgdorferi, 11, 136, 136f
n botulism, 115, 115f
Chlamydia trachomatis, 320, 320f
classification of, 3, 3f
Clostridium botulinum, 111, 115
Clostridium tetani, 115, 115f
n as decomposers, 4, 5f, 462
n and digestive disorders, 208
in digestive system, 47, 210, 210f
E. coli, 206, 210, 210f
in feces, 206
n in food, irradiation to kill, 361
friendly, 160
n genetically modified, 169, 420
n in genetic engineering,
414–415, 414f
Helicobacter pylori, 210, 210f
on human skin, 160, 160f
at hydrothermal vents, 454–455
Klebsiella, 160f
Lactobacillus, 160
n methicillin resistant staph A
(MRSA), 153, 153f, 173
mitochondria evolution from, 52
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 190, 190f
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 320f, 321
n oil-eating, 421
probiotic, 208
as prokaryotic cells, 42, 42f
role in nitrogen cycle, 468, 468f
Salmonella, 165, 176, 210, 210f, 430
Staphylococcus aureus, 153, 153f
Staphylococcus epidermis, 160f
stomach acid and, 25
Streptococcus, 136, 136f
Streptococcus pneumoniae, 190
n tetanus, 115, 115f, 168, 168t
n transgenic, 421
Treponema pallidum, 320f, 321
Vibrio cholerae, 57, 57f
Yersinia pestis, 474
n Bacterial infections. See also Bacteria;
specific infections by name
n acne, 79
n blood toxins from, 153
n cholera caused by, 57, 57f, 165, 173
n defense mechanisms against, 160
n and digestive disorders, 208
n effect on red blood cells, 153
n in eyes, 280
n heart damage from, 136
n immune system response to,
159f, 160, 160f, 161f, 164,
164f–165f, 166
n infectious diseases caused by,
10–11, 10f
n Lyme disease, 10–11, 136, 136f
n muscular disorders caused by,
115, 115f
n in nervous system, 258
n peptic ulcers caused by, 210, 210f
n respiratory disorders caused
by, 190
n of sinuses, 92
n in skeletal system, 99
n skin defenses against, 79
n staph, 11f, 153, 153f, 173
n as STD cause, 320–321, 320f, 321f
n streptococcal, 136, 136f, 173t, 190
n in urinary system, 233, 234
n and urine composition, 223
Balance sense, 274–275, 274f, 275f
Baldness, 389, 389f
Ball-and-socket joint, 96, 96f
n Balloon angioplasty, 134, 135f
n Barbiturates, 260, 345
Baroreceptor reflex, 131
Baroreceptors, 131
Barr body, 389, 389f, 399
n Barrier methods of birth control,
316–317, 316f
Barriers to infection, physical and
chemical, 79, 156, 160
Barringer crater, 439, 439f, 454
Basal body, 53, 53f
Basal metabolic rate (BMR), 217,
294, 349
Basal nuclei, 252, 254, 257, 257f
Base(s), 24. See also pH
in DNA, 404, 404f, 405f, 406, 406f,
407, 407f, 416, 416f
in RNA, 408–409, 408f–409f, 410, 410f
Basement membranes, 68, 68f,
184, 184f
Base pair(s)
in DNA, 404, 404f, 405f, 406, 406f,
407f, 416, 416f
in RNA, 408–409, 408f–409f, 410,
410f, 411, 411f
substitution, 407, 407f
Base pair substitution, 407, 407f
Base triplets, 410, 410f
Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP), 149t
Basic (alkaline) solution, 24
Basilar membrane, 272–273, 272f–273f
Basophils, 142f, 143, 143f, 157, 157f,
160, 165, 165f, 170
Bath salts, as recreational drug, 260
B cell(s)
aging and, 349
antibodies formed by, 164, 164f–165fas antigen-presenting cells, 163
effector, 162, 162f
n in immune disorders, 171
immune system role, 157, 162–165,
162f, 163f, 164f–165f, 170, 170f,
172, 206
n in immunotherapy, 169
memory, 162, 162f, 164, 164f–165f
origin of, 143f
B cell receptors, 162, 164, 165, 170f
Beagle, HMS, 440, 440f
n Bee venom allergy, 170
Behavior. See also Lifestyle
evolution of, 451, 453
genetic factors in, 382
human, distinctive characteristics
of, 3
Behavioral traits, 441
Belly Button Biodiversity Project, 47
n Bends, the, 181
Beneficial genetic traits, 442
n Benign tumors, 426, 426f, 426t
n Benzene, as carcinogen, 429,
430t, 435
n Beta amyloid plaques, 349,
349f, 352
Beta-carotine, 15
Beta cells, 298, 298f, 299
n Beta interferon, 169
Beta waves (sleep stage), 256f
Bicarbonate, 466, 466f–467f
as buffer, 25
digestive role of, 198, 200, 202, 204,
207, 207f, 207t, 300
kidneys regulation of blood levels,
232, 232f, 232t
respiratory role of, 185
Biceps, 106, 107f, 246, 247f
Biceps brachii, 105f
Biceps femoris, 105f
Bicuspid valve, 124, 124f
Bifidobacterium infantis, 208
Bilateral symmetry, 334
Bile, 202–203, 202f, 204, 205f,
206, 207
Bile duct, 202f
Bile salts, 31, 202, 204, 205f
Bilirubin, 145, 202f, 203, 322
n Binge drinking, 41
n Binge eating, 218, 219
n Biodiesel, 485
n Biodiversity, 4, 486
n Biofuels, 219, 485
n Biogeochemical cycles, 465–468,
465f–468f
n Biogeography, 445
Biological clock, 300
n Biological magnification, 487
Biological molecules
chemical bonds in, 21
chemical processing of, 27, 27f, 27tCopyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).