Index I -11n CFC (chlorofluorocarbons), 476, 477,
477t, 478
CFTR gene, 418–419
CFTR protein, 420
n Chancre, 321, 321f
Channel proteins, 240, 241f, 242–243,
242f–243f
Charalambous, Haris, 393f
Charges, electrical. See Electrical
charges
Checkpoints, in cell cycle, 356f
Cheekbones, 92, 92f–93f, 101
n Cheetahs, 458, 458f
Chemical(s). See also Fertilizers
n agricultural, 37, 37f, 482
n and cancer risk, 190, 234, 429, 430,
430f, 430t, 435
n DNA damage from, 406
n as pollutants, 63, 429, 430, 430t
solutions, 24, 55
Chemical bonds. See also Covalent
bonds; Hydrogen bonds;
Ionic bonds
between atoms, 18–19, 18f, 19t,
20–21, 20f–21f
in biological molecules, 20–21, 20f,
21f, 21t
in DNA, 21, 21f, 404, 404f, 405f, 406
in lipids, 30–31, 30f, 31f
in nucleotides/nucleic acids, 36, 36f
in proteins, 32–35, 33f
Chemical equations, 19, 19f
Chemical formulas, 19, 19f, 19t
Chemical name, 19t
Chemical reactions
altering pH, 24–25
antioxidants in, 23, 23f
in ATP production, 60f–62f,
112, 112f
in bicarbonate production, 232, 232f
condensation reaction, 27, 27f, 27t
enzymes in, 27
during gas exchange, 185
hydrolysis reaction, 27, 27f
metabolism as, 58–59, 58f
in origin of life, 454–455
oxidation, 20, 23
Chemical senses, 270–271, 270f,
271f, 286
Chemical signals, 286, 286t
Chemical synapses, 244–245, 244f,
247, 247f
Chemoreceptors
role in respiration, 186–187, 187f
sensory role of, 266, 270–271,
270f, 271f
n Chemotherapy, 115, 324, 325,
434, 434f
n Chernobyl, nuclear accident at, 485
Chest (thoracic) cavity, 75, 76, 76f, 182,
182f. See also Rib(s)/rib cage
Chewing, 198–199
n Chicken pox (varicella)
vaccination, 168t
Childbirth. See Birth
Children. See also Infant(s); Neonates
(newborns)
bone development in, 88–89, 89f
bone marrow in, 90
n conjunctivitis in, 280
as development stage, 347, 347t
n diarrhea in, 210
n ear disorders in, 275
growth in. See Development
n HIV transmission to, 172, 172f
n leukemia in, 152
n pesticide effects on, 37
n recommended immunization
schedule for, 168t
n rotavirus infection in, 210
teeth of, 198
toilet training, 229
n vitamin D deficiency in, 295, 295f
Chimpanzees, 447, 447f, 448f, 450,
450f, 484
China, 472, 476, 476f
Chin fissure, as genetic trait, 375, 375f,
376, 376f, 377, 377f
n Chlamydia, 234, 320, 320f, 321t, 322t
Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria, 320, 320f
Chloride ions
n in diet, 215t
salt molecules and, 20, 20f, 23, 23f
urinary system processing of, 228f,
229, 230, 230f
Chlorine, 18f
in human body, 16, 16f
n Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 476,
477, 477t, 478
n Choking, 183, 183f
Cholecalciferol, 78, 288
Cholecystokinin (CCK), 207, 207f, 207t
n Cholera (cholera exotoxin, CXT), 57,
57f, 165, 173
Cholesterol
n and blood levels, testing of, 134
n blood tests for, 149, 149t
n as cardiovascular disease risk
factor, 134, 135t
in cell membranes, 46
n and diet, 134, 135t, 212
n familial hypercholesterolemia,
393, 401t
functions in body, 31
in gallstones, 203, 203f
“good” vs. “bad,” 134
liver processing of, 202f, 203
molecular structure, 31, 31f
n smoking and, 177
n Cholesterol plaques, 134, 134f, 349
Chondro- (prefix), 431f
Chondrocyte, 70f–71f
Chordae tendineae, 124
Chorion, 332f, 336, 336f, 337Chorionic cavity, 336f
Chorionic villi, 336, 336f, 337f, 346
Chorionic villus sampling, 346
Choroid, 276–277, 276f, 276t, 278, 280
n Chromate, as carcinogen, 435
Chromatids, sister, 357, 357f, 358, 359f,
360, 362, 364, 364f–365f, 365,
366, 368f–369f
Chromatin, 48f, 49, 357
Chromium
n as carcinogen, 430t
n in diet, 215t
Chromosome(s), 386. See also
Autosomes; DNA; Gene(s);
Sex chromosomes
in cell reproduction, 354–358,
354f–357f, 357t, 359f, 362–367,
363f–369f
crossing over in, 366, 366f
n deletions, 396–397, 396f
diploid, 354–355, 355f, 356, 357, 357t,
359f, 362, 363, 363f, 374, 375, 386
duplications, 397
in fertilized eggs, 315
gene loci on, 374, 374f
haploid, 355, 357, 357t, 362–363, 363f,
364–365, 364f–365f, 367, 375
homologous, 355, 355f, 362,
364f–365f, 366, 374, 374f,
386, 397
n human genome, mapping of,
416–417, 416f, 417f
independent assortment of, 376–377,
377f, 386
n irradiation impact on, 361, 361f
n karyotype of, 387, 387f
in meiosis, 362–367, 363f–369f
n mutations of, 396–397, 396f,
397f, 401t
number of, 354, 355f, 398–399, 398f,
399f, 401t
n Philadelphia, 397, 397f
relation to genes, 386, 386f
in sperm, 313
structure and function of, 49, 49f,
354, 354f, 404
telomeres and, 348
translocation in, 397, 397f
Chromosome number, 354
cell division and, 357, 357f, 357t
n changes in, 398–399, 398f,
399f, 401t
n Chronic myelogenous leukemia
(CML), 152, 152f, 401t
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disorder (COPD), 189
Chyme, 200, 200f, 202, 204, 207f, 208
Chymotrypsin, 204, 205t
Cicala, Brittany Lietz, 429f
Cigarette, electronic, 188
Cigarette smoke. See Tobacco smoke
Ciliary body, 276, 276tCopyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).