Index I -13n Conservation biologists, 483
Conserved strand of DNA, 406
n Constipation, 208, 212
n Consumers (heterotrophs), 4, 5f, 462,
462f, 463f, 464, 464f
n Contact, disease spread through, 173
Contact allergies, 170
Continuous variation, 380, 381f
n Contraceptives, 316–317, 316t, 317f
n Contraceptive sponge, 316, 316t
Contractions (muscular)
n abnormal, 114
of cardiac muscle, 104, 124–125, 125f,
128, 128f, 129f
cytoskeleton and, 52
of diaphragm, 182, 182f
endomembrane system role in, 50
isometric, 112–113, 113f
isotonic, 112–113, 113f
of reproductive system muscle, 311,
314, 315
of skeletal muscle, 104, 108–109, 108f,
109f, 112–113, 113f, 131, 131f
of smooth muscle, 150, 150f, 206, 342
n Control group, 7, 7f
n Controlled experiments, 7, 7f
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary
disorder), 189
n Copper, in diet, 215t
Copulation, 314. See also Sexual
intercourse
Core temperature
defined, 82
maintaining, 82–83, 82f, 83f, 83t
Cornea, 167, 276–277, 276f, 276t,
280, 281
n Corneal transplant, 167, 281
Corn syrup, 212
Coronary arteries, 122f, 127, 127f
n Coronary bypass surgery, 134, 135f
Coronary circulation, 127
Coronary veins, 127, 127f
Corpus callosum, 252, 252f
Corpus luteum, 307, 307f, 308f, 309,
309f, 333
Correlation vs. causation, 8, 8t
Corrugator supercilii, 118, 118f
Cortex
adrenal, 231, 287f, 292t, 296, 297f
cerebral, 254–255, 254f, 255f, 256,
257, 257f, 268f, 270, 451
prefrontal, 254f, 255, 257, 257f
premotor, 254
primary motor, 254, 254f, 255f
primary somatosensory, 254f, 255
primary visual, 254f, 255
renal, 226, 226f, 228f, 230f
somatosensory, 254f, 255, 268, 268f
visual, 254f, 255, 277, 279, 279f
Corticotropin (ACTH;
adrenocorticotropic hormone),
287f, 290t, 291, 291f, 296, 297f
Cortisol, 287f, 288, 288t, 292t, 296,
297f, 409
n Cortisone, 296
n Cosmetics, and allergies, 170
n Cosmic rays, and radiation exposure,
361, 361f, 429
Covalent bonds, 20–21, 21f, 21t
in amino acids, 33, 33f
in DNA, 404
double, 20, 21f
in lipids, 30
nonpolar, 21, 21f
in nucleic acids, 36
in organic compounds, 26
polar, 21, 21f
in protein structure, 34
triple, 20
n Cowpox, 176
Coxal bones, 95
n Crab lice (STD), 323, 323f
Crack cocaine, 345
n Cramp (muscle), 114
Cranial bones, 91f
Cranial cavity, 76, 76f. See also Brain;
Skull/skull bones
Cranial nerves, 248, 249f, 250, 250f
Cranium (brain case), 90, 451
C-reactive protein, 135, 135t
Creatine, 112, 112f, 225
Creatine phosphate, 112, 112f
Creatinine, 149, 149t
CRH (hormone), 296, 297f
Crick, Francis, 404, 404f
n Cri-du-chat syndrome, 396–397,
396f, 401t
n Criminal investigations
n and DNA, 419, 419f
n and sex of skeletal remains, 95
n time of death determinations, 109
n Critical thinking, 8, 8t, 9
n Crohn’s disease, 171t, 208, 209f
n Crop dusting, 37f
Crossing over, 366, 366f, 386
Cross-matching of blood types, 148
Crown, of tooth, 198, 198f
Crying, 177
as genetically-programmed
trait, 382
n Cryptosporidiosis, 173t
Crystallin, 330
CSF. See Cerebrospinal fluid
n CT (computerized tomography)
scan, 432, 435
Cuboidal epithelium, 68f, 69, 69t
n Cultured cells, 387, 387f
Culture, evolution of, 451, 453
Cupula (of ear), 274, 274f
Curare, 120
Cuspids (canines), 198, 198f
Cut(s), healing of, 73, 73f, 151, 151f. See
also Blood clotting; Injuries
Cutaneous membranes, 75, 75f, 78Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
(cAMP), 36, 288–289, 289f
Cysteine, 26f
n Cystic fibrosis (CF), 67, 209, 380,
385, 386, 386f, 391, 392, 401t,
418–419, 420
n Cystitis, 234
n Cysts, 233, 234, 426
Cytochrome c, 448, 448f
Cytokines, 157, 160–161, 163, 164,
164f–165f, 165t, 166, 169
Cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division),
356, 356f, 360, 360f, 362,
364–365, 364f–365f
Cytoplasm, 48, 48f, 49, 49f
n of cancer cell, 427
diffusion of substances through, 54
division of. See Cytokinesis
glycolysis in, 60, 60f, 62f
of neuron, electrical charge of,
240–241, 241f, 242–243,
242f–243f
polypeptide synthesis in, 409, 410,
411, 412–413, 412f, 413f
structure and function of, 42, 42f, 42t
Cytosine (C), 404, 404f, 405f, 406, 406f,
407f, 408, 408f–409f, 409t, 411,
416, 416f
Cytoskeleton, 44f, 53, 53f, 358, 427
Cytosol, 42, 53
n Cytotoxic drugs, in cancer
treatment, 435
Cytotoxic T cells, 163, 166–167, 166f,
167f, 435. See also Meiosis;
MitosisD
n Dams, hydropower from, 485
Darwin, Charles, 440, 440f, 442, 445
Daughter cells, 357, 357t, 359f, 360, 362,- See also Mitosis; Meiosis
n DDT, 37, 430, 487
n Deafness, 275, 284
Deamination reaction, 225
Death, of cells (apoptosis), 166, 167f,
335, 335f
Death rates, human, 472
Death, rigor mortis in, 109
Decibels, 275
Decision making (in critical thinking),
8, 8t
Declarative memory, 257, 257f
n Decomposers/decomposition, 4,
5f, 462, 464f, 466, 466f–467f,
468, 468f
n Decompression sickness, 181
n Deep-vein thrombosis, 140
Defecation, 206, 208
Defense proteins, 32, 32t
Defenses, 156–157, 156t. See also
Immune system; Immunity
n Defibrillating drugs, 136
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