HUMAN BIOLOGY

I-22 Index 

n ALS (amyotrophic lateral

sclerosis), 416–417, 417f

n Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 120,

258, 259, 349, 349f, 352, 416, 417f

n amelogenesis imperfecta, 395, 395f

n aniridia, 396f, 397, 401t

n autosomal dominant, 392–393,

393f, 401t

n autosomal recessive, 392, 392f, 401t

n cancer as, 234, 324, 381, 418, 419,

427, 428–429, 428f, 429f, 433

n chromosomal mutations causing,

396–397, 396f, 397f, 401t

n cri-du-chat syndrome, 396–397,

396f, 401t

n cystic fibrosis, 67, 209, 380,

385, 386, 386f, 391, 392, 401t,

418–419, 420

n definition of, 390

n diabetes as, 299

n diagnosis of, 417, 417f

n diet and, 222

n DNA analysis and, 403

n Down syndrome (trisomy 21), 398,

399f, 401t, 417f

n epilepsy, 416, 417f

n examples of, 401t

n eye disorders, 284

n familial hypercholesterolemia,

393, 401t

n Finnish population and, 442

n fragile X syndrome, 401t, 407, 407f

n Friedrich’s ataxia, 57, 57f

n gene expression and, 378–379,

378f, 380, 380f

n gene therapy for, 284, 418–419,

418f, 419f, 458

n vs. genetic predisposition, 391

n hemolytic anemia, 152, 417f

n hemophilia, 394–395, 394f, 395f,

401t, 418, 420, 442

n homocystinuria, 417f

n Huntington’s disease, 390, 391,

391f, 393, 401t, 407

n hyperthyroidism, 294

n Klinefelter syndrome, 399, 399f

n leukemias as, 417f, 418, 419

n leukocyte adhesion

deficiency, 417f

locus of, finding, 416–417, 417f

n Luft’s syndrome, 57

n Marfan syndrome, 393, 393f, 401t

n and miscarriage, 344

n mitochondrial, 52, 57

n muscular dystrophies, 114–115,

114f, 395, 401t

n neurological disorders as, 400

number of, 418

n osteogenesis imperfecta, 99, 99f

n phenylketonuria (PKU), 392, 401t

n porphyria, 86, 86f

n prediction of, 391

n prenatal diagnosis of, 346, 346f

n progeria, 406

n recessive, 391

n research on, 382, 384

n severe combined immune

deficiency (SCID), 171, 418, 419f

n sickle-cell anemia, 73, 152, 378f,

379, 401t, 417

n skeletal disorders, 99, 99f

n spinal muscular atrophy,

407, 407f

n sudden cardiac arrest, 121, 136

n Tay-Sachs disease, 392, 392f

n thalassemia, 152, 409

n Turner syndrome, 398–399,

399f, 401t

n Werner’s syndrome, 406

n X-linked, 284, 389, 389f, 394–395,

394f, 395f, 401t, 407, 407f

XO condition, 398–399, 399f, 401t

n XXX syndrome, 399, 399f, 401t

n XXY syndrome, 399, 399f, 401t

n XYY condition, 399, 401t

Genetic drift, 442, 443

n Genetic engineering, 9, 293, 414–415,

414f, 415f, 420, 420f, 421, 422

Genetic mutation, 406–407, 407f,

428–429, 428f, 429f, 446–447,

446f, 447f

n base-pair substitution, 407, 407f

n cancer caused by, 234, 324, 381,

418, 419, 427, 428–429, 428f,

429f, 433

n deletions, 396–397, 396f, 407, 407f

n duplications, 397

and evolution, 401f, 446–447,

446f, 447f

n expansions, 407

and microevolution, 442–443, 443f

new alleles from, 390

n pollution and, 477

translocations, 397, 397f

n Genetic predisposition vs. genetic

disorder, 391

Genetic recombination, 366–367,

366f, 367f

Genetic relationships, as evidence of

evolution, 448, 448f

Genetics, comparative, 448, 448f

n Genetic screening

n for recessive disorders, 392

n and personalized medicine,

396, 402

n Genetic testing/profiling, 391, 396,

402, 417, 417f, 433, 433f

Genetic variations

drug response based on, 396, 396f, 402

as factor in evolution, 441, 441f

factors influencing, 374–379, 374f–379f

meiosis creating, 366–367, 366f, 367f

natural selection and, 442

Genital(s). See also Gonad(s)

development of, 338f–339f, 339

female, 306, 307f

male, 310–311, 325, 325f (See

also Testes)

sex chromosomes determining,

388, 388f

n STD impact on, 320–323,

321f, 322f

sweat glands in skin of, 79

n testicular feminizing syndrome

and, 395

n Genital herpes, 280, 321t, 322,

322f, 322t

n Genital warts, 322, 322f

Genome, 414

human, mapping of, 416–417,

416f, 424

n Genomics, 416

n nutritional, 222

Genotype, 366–377, 374, 374t,

376f–377f, 379f

determination of, 390–391, 390f, 391f

penetrance, 380

Genus (classification), 450, 450t

n GERD (gastroesophageal reflux

disease), 208. See also Heartburn

German measles. See Rubella

Germ cells, 306, 357, 357t, 361, 362–367,

362f–369f, 386, 407

Germ layers, 330, 330t, 331f, 334

Germline engineering, 421

n Germ theory, 9, 9t

GH (growth hormone; somatotropin),

102, 288t, 290t, 291, 291f, 293,

293f. See also Human growth

hormone (HGH)

Ghrelin, 196f, 217

GI. See Glycemic index

Giardia intestinalis, 210

n Giardiasis, 210

Gibbons, 450f

n GIFT (gamete intrafallopian

transfer), 319

n Gigantism, 293

Gingiva (gum), 198f, 210

n Gingivitis, 210

GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic

peptide), 207, 207f, 207t

GI tract. See Digestive system

Glacier Bay, Alaska, 461f

n Glaciers

n global warming and, 479, 479f

n retreating of, 460, 461f

Glands

adrenal, 226f, 287f, 288, 296–297,

297f, 342

bulbourethral, 310f, 310t, 311, 312f

development of, 69

digestive system role of, 201

as effectors, 80, 80f, 81f

endocrine, 69, 69f, 286, 287f

Genetic disorders, continued

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