Index I-21Fossil(s)/fossil record, 443, 444–445,
444f, 452–453, 452f, 453f
n Fossil fuels, 25, 466, 466f–467f, 467,
475, 482, 484, 484f
Fossilization, 444
Founder effect, 442
n Four-dimensional computed
tomography (4DCT), 435
Fovea, 278, 279f
Fox, Michael J., 258f
n Fractures (of bones), 99, 99f
n Fragile X syndrome, 401t, 407, 407f
Franklin, Benjamin, 469
Fraternal twins, 332, 333
Freckles, 373, 374, 374f, 377, 377f, 381
Freely-movable joints, 96
Free nerve endings, 79, 266, 266f,
268, 269f
n Free radicals, 23, 23f, 348, 349, 454
Frequency, of sound waves,
272, 272f
n Friedrich’s ataxia, 57, 57f
Frontal bone, 92, 92f–93f, 101
Frontal eye field, 254
Frontal lobe, 254, 254f
Frontal sinus, 92f–93f
n Frostbite, 83
Fructose, 28f, 311
Fruit, nutritional value of, 23
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone),
287f, 288t, 290t, 291, 291f,
308–309, 309f, 313, 313f, 318, 333
n Fukushima Daiichi power plant,
meltdown at, 485
Functional groups, 26, 26f, 27f
Functional group transfer, 27, 27t
Functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI), 259, 259f
n Fungicides, 37, 430, 430f, 477. See
also Pesticides
Fungus (fungi)
n athlete’s foot, 160
n carcinogens produced by, 429
cell-mediated immunity response
to, 166
classification of, 3, 3f
n as decomposers, 4, 5f, 462
n eye infections by, 280
n in food, irradiation to kill, 361
n infectious diseases caused by, 190
n and nitrogen cycle, 468, 468f
G
G1 phase, of cell cycle, 356, 356f
G2 phase, of cell cycle, 356, 356f
GABA, 245, 245t
Galactose, 28
n Galactosemia, 401t
Galápagos Islands, 440f
Gallbladder, 127f, 196f, 202–203, 202f,
203f, 204, 207, 207t, 269f
n Gallstones, 203, 203f
Gametes, 306, 331f. See also
Eggs; Sperm
genes in, 375, 375f, 386, 386f
genetic recombination in, 366–367,
366f, 367f
n GIFT (gamete intrafallopian
transfer), 319
as haploid cells, 355
independent assortment in, 376–377,
377f, 386
meiosis formation of, 308–309, 308f,
309f, 312, 312f, 357, 357f, 357t,
362–367, 363f, 363f–369f, 370
number of chromosomes in,
398–399, 398f, 399f
n radiation damage to, 361
Gamma interferon, 169
Gamma rays, 429
Ganglia, 248, 250, 250f
Ganglion cells, 279, 279f
Gap junctions, 74, 74f, 128
n Garbage (solid waste), 480–481, 481f
n environmental impact of, 471, 471f
n ocean dumping of, 480, 481, 481f
Gas exchange
aging and, 348
during early development, 337,
340–341, 341f
of oxygen and carbon dioxide, 126,
126f, 130, 180–181, 180f, 181f,
184–185, 184f, 185f, 225, 225f,
232, 337, 337f, 340–341, 341f, 342
n Gastric banding, 218, 218f
n Gastric bypass surgery, 218, 218f
Gastric fluid (gastric juice), 24–25, 160,
200, 207
Gastric mucosal barrier, 200
Gastrin, 59, 200, 207, 207f, 207t, 292t, 300
n Gastritis, 210
Gastrocnemius, 105f
n Gastroesophageal reflux disease
(GERD), 208
Gastroesophageal sphincter, 197, 197f,
199, 199f, 200f, 218f
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract. See
Digestive system
Gastrulation, 330, 331f, 334, 334f, 352
Gated calcium channels, 244, 244f
Gated sodium channels
in neurons, 240–241, 241f, 242–243,
242f–243f, 246, 246f
in taste receptors, 271
Gel electrophoresis, 405f
Gender. See also Men; Women
determination of, 388, 388f (See also
Sex chromosomes)
sex-influenced traits, 389
n Gender testing of athletes, 360
Gene(s). See also entries under Genetic
aging and, 348
on autosomes, 392–393, 392f, 393f
blood type determination by, 146chromosomes and, 386, 386f
codominance of, 379, 379f
definition of, 374
in development, 330, 335
DNA sequencing of, 416, 416f
expression of, 301, 378–379, 378f,
379f, 380–381, 380f, 381f, 389
in gametes, 375, 375f, 386, 386f
in human genome, 416–417, 417f
of identical twins, 382
independent assortment of, 376–377,
377f, 386
n insertion of, 418, 418f
interactions between, 380–381, 381f
and life span, 348
linked, 386, 386f
locus, 374, 374f, 386
meiosis, recombination during,
366–367, 366f, 367f
nucleotide sequence of, 405
number of, 374
oncogenes, 428, 429, 429f, 436t
probability of inheriting. See
Probability (in genetics)
regulation of, 409
on sex chromosomes, 388–389,
388f, 389f
sex-limited, 389
structure and function of, 374–375,
374f, 375f
transcription into RNA, 406–407,
407f, 408–409, 408f–409f
tumor suppressor, 428, 429f, 432, 436t
on X chromosome, 388–389, 389f,
394–395, 394f, 395f
on Y chromosome, 388–389
Gene flow, 442
Gene pool, 441, 442–443
Generalist species, 460
n Gene therapy, 284, 418–419, 418f,
419f, 458
n Genetic abnormality, 391, 401t
n Genetically engineered
hormones, 293
n Genetically engineered viruses, 168
n Genetically modified animals, 420,
420f, 421
n Genetically modified bacteria,
169, 420
n Genetically modified food, 9, 420,
420f, 421, 422
n Genetically modified plants, 169,
420, 420f, 421, 422
n Genetic analysis, 390–391, 390f, 391f,
395, 419
Genetic code, 410, 410f
n Genetic disorders
n abnormal chromosome number
and, 398–399, 398f, 399f, 401t
n achondroplasia, 393, 393f, 401t
n alkaptonuria, 406
n allergies as, 170Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).