I-48 Index
Tibia, 91f, 95, 95f, 96f, 98f, 101
Tibialis anterior, 105f
n Tic, muscular, 114
n Tick-borne disease, 11, 136, 136f. See
also Lyme disease
Tidal volume of air, 183, 183f
Tight junctions, 74, 74f, 253
n Tinnitus, 275
Tissue
adipose, 63, 70f–71f, 70t, 71, 78f, 83,
85t, 195, 212, 217, 291, 297f, 298,
298f, 300
aging effects on, 348–349
n artificial, growing of, 73, 73f
blood circulation to, 126–127, 127f
bone, 70f–71f, 70t, 71, 85t, 88, 88f, 91f
cell junctions in, 74, 74f
components of organs, 76, 76f
connective. See Connective tissue
definition of, 68
development of, 330t, 331, 331f
epithelial, 68–69, 68f, 69t, 76f (See
also Epithelium)
n frostbite in, 83
gas exchange in, 144
in homeostasis, 80
as level of biological organization,
4, 4f–5f
muscle, 72, 72f, 76f, 85t, 104, 104f (See
also Cardiac muscle; Skeletal
muscle; Smooth muscle)
nervous, 73, 76, 76f, 85t
primary, 330, 330t, 331f, 334
stem cell repair to, 67, 86
n swelling in, 161
n transplantation of, 167
n tumors, 426–427, 426f, 426t
types of, 76f, 85t
Tobacco smoke
addictiveness of, 177, 188
n and bone health, 98
n and cancer, 188, 188f, 234, 435
n carbon monoxide in, 152
n carcinogens in, 429
n as cardiovascular disease risk
factor, 134, 135t, 140
n crossing of placenta by toxins
in, 337
n impact on prenatal
development, 345
n and life expectancy, 188f
n and oral contraceptives, 317
n quitting, 188f
n respiratory system effects of, 177,
188, 188f, 189, 190
n risks associated with, 10, 15, 129t,
188, 188f, 189, 192f, 210
n secondhand, 188, 435
n thirdhand, 194
Toilet training, 229
Tone, of sound, 272f, 273
Tongue, 197, 198–199, 199f, 270, 270f
n Tongue cancer, 177
Tonicity, 55, 55f
Tonsils, 158f, 159
Tools, early human use of, 452
Total fertility rate (TFR), 472, 473f
Touch sense, 268, 269f
n Toxemia, 153
Toxins. See also Chemical(s); Pollutants
n agricultural chemicals and, 37
antibodies targeting, 162, 164, 165t
antigens on surface of, 156
arsenic as, 63, 63f, 66, 190
and bitter taste sensation, 271
and blood–brain barrier, 253
n blood disorders from, 152, 153
n and cancer, 234
n carbon monoxide poisoning, 152
in immune response, 156
n and liver disease, 208
liver processing of, 41, 50, 51
n in tobacco smoke, 188
n Toxoplasmosis, 350
Trace elements, 16
n Tracers, in medical imaging, 17, 17f,
432, 433f
Trachea (windpipe), 69, 178f, 179, 183,
199, 199f
artificial, 73
Traits (genetic)
beneficial, 442
genetic analysis of, 390–391, 390f, 391f
multifactorial, 380, 381f
neutral, 442
polygenic, 380–381, 380f, 381f
as product of alleles, 374, 375, 375f
single-gene, 376
variation in, and evolution, 441,
441f, 442–443, 448, 448f
Tranquilizers, and prenatal
development, 345
Transcript, 408f–409f, 409
Transcription (in protein synthesis),
406–407, 407f, 408–409,
408f–409f
Trans fats, 30–31, 31f, 134, 135t,
212–213, 212t
Trans fatty acids, 30–31, 31f, 212, 212t
Transfer RNA (tRNA), 408, 411, 411f,
412, 412f, 413f
n Transfusions, 141, 146–148, 146t,
147f, 151, 379
n Transgenic animals, 420, 420f, 424f
n Transgenic microorganisms, 421
Transgenic plants, 420, 420f
Transgenic viruses, 168
Translation (in protein synthesis), 408,
412–413, 412f, 413f
Translocation, 397, 397f
Transmission
n of pathogens, 173, 173f
n of sexually transmitted diseases,
234, 320–323n Transmission electron microscopes,
45, 45f
n Transplantation, 167
n blood type and, 236
n cornea, 167, 281
n donor registries, 238
n heart, 155, 155f
n kidney, 233, 236, 238
n liver, 208
n lungs, 385
Transport
active, 56, 56f
passive, 54, 56, 56f
Transport proteins, 32, 32t, 46, 46f, 47,
48, 56, 56f, 57, 204, 229, 240,
241f, 245, 253
Transverse colon, 206, 206f
Trapezius, 105f
Trash
n environmental impact of, 471, 471f
n ocean dumping of, 480, 481, 481f
Treponema pallidum bacteria, 320f, 321
TRH (thyrotropin-releasing
hormone), 291
Triceps, 106, 107f
Triceps brachii, 105f
Trichomonas vaginalis, 323, 323f
n Trichomoniasis, 321t, 322t,
323, 323f
Tricuspid valve, 124, 124f
n Trigeminal neuralgia, 248
Trigger zone (of neurons), 240, 241,
241f, 242, 242f, 245
Triglycerides, 30, 30f
blood levels, in metabolic
syndrome, 216
blood tests for, 149, 149t
digestion of, 204, 205f, 205t
storage of, 30, 63, 212
Triiodothyronine (T 3 ), 288t, 292t, 294
Trimesters, in prenatal development
first, 330–335
second, 340
third, 340
Triple covalent bonds, 20
Triple X syndrome, 399, 399f, 401t
n Trisomy, 398, 399f
n Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), 398,
399f, 401t, 417f
Trophic levels, 462–463, 462f, 463f
Trophoblast, 332, 332f
Tropomyosin, 110, 111f
Troponin, 110, 111f
Troposphere, 477, 477f, 477t
Trypsin, 204, 205t
Tryptophan (trp), 32f, 213, 213f,
410f, 411f
TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone;
thyrotropin), 149t, 287f, 290t,
291, 291f, 294, 294f
T tubules, 110, 110f
n Tubal ligation, 316, 316t, 317fCopyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).