Index I-51Vitreous humor, 276, 276f, 276t
Vocal cords, 179, 179f, 199, 199f
Voluntary muscle functions, 72, 72f,
104, 104f, 199, 199f, 254, 255f
Vomer bone, 92f–93f, 93
Vomeronasal organ, 270. See also
Sexual nose
Vomiting, 86
Vulva, 306, 322, 323
W
Wakefulness, 256, 256f. See also
Consciousness
Warts, genital, 322, 322f, 325
n Wasp venom allergies, 170
Wastes. See also Pollutants
n food, reduction of, 219
prenatal exchange of, 337, 340, 342
n solid (garbage), 480–481, 481f
urinary excretion of, 225, 225f, 228f,
229 (See also Urine)
Water
chemical bonds in, 19, 19f, 19t, 21,
21f–23f, 22–23
electrical charges in molecules of,
22, 22f
hydrogen bonds in, 183
hydrophilic molecules and, 22, 31,
31f, 43, 43f
hydrophobic molecules and, 22, 30,
31, 31f, 43, 43f
life and, 21, 22, 454
molecule, structure of, 19, 19f, 19t
pH of, 24
properties of, 22–23
n Water cycle, 465, 465f, 478f, 479
n Water, external
n arsenic contamination in, 63
n cholera contamination in, 57
n on early earth, 454
n in ecosystems, 461f
n fecal contamination of, 206
n forests as reservoir for, 482–483
n groundwater, 480, 480f
n hydrogen bonds in, 22, 22f, 182–183
n hydropower from, 485
n irrigation, agricultural, 480, 480f,
482, 482f
n and life, 21, 22, 454
n pollution, 37, 480, 481, 481f,
484, 486
n shortages of, 472, 479, 480, 480f
n usage, in developed nations, 469
n water cycle, 465, 465f, 478f, 479
Water, internal
absorption in gut, 200, 204, 206
in blood, 224
and blood–brain barrier, 253
in capillary wall pores, 132
cellular respiration and, 61, 61f
condensation reactions and, 27, 27f
crossing cell membranes, 47, 47f
daily gain and loss of,
224–225, 224t
n dehydration, 160, 210
diffusion across capillaries,
132–133
diffusion across membranes, 54–55,
55f (See also Osmosis)
in extracellular fluid, 80,
224–225, 224t
in feces, removal of, 206, 208
hydrogen ions in, 24
hydrolysis reactions and, 27, 27f
in inflammation, 161
insensible losses of, 224–225
ionization of, 24
lymphatic system recapture of,
133, 159
in plasma, 142, 142f
urinary system processing of, 224,
228–229, 228f, 229t, 230–231,
230f, 231f, 232, 232f, 291
n Water intoxication, 238
Watkins, Tionne “T-Boz,” 378f
Watson, James, 404, 404f
Weather, climate change and, 459
Weig, Tyler, 236
Weight, body. See Body weight
n Weight training, 113
n Werner’s syndrome, 406
Wernicke’s area, 254f
n West Nile virus, 10, 173, 258
Wetlands, 479, 486
Wexler, Nancy, 390, 391f
Whales, 485
White blood cells, 71f, 142f, 143. See
also B cell(s); T cell(s)
blood count, normal, 149t
blood disease effect on.
See Leukemias
n disorders of, 152, 152f
in innate immune response,
160–161, 160f
NK (natural killer) cells, 166, 169,
429, 435
production of, 143, 143f, 158f, 159
role in immune system, 156–157
structure and function of, 142f,
143, 143f
types of, 142f, 157, 157f
n White bread, nutritional value of,
212, 213
White matter, 251, 251f, 254
White (fast) muscle, 107, 107f, 116
White pulp (spleen tissue), 159
n White rice, nutritional value of,
212, 213
Whooping cough, 173t
n Whooping cough vaccination, 168t
n Wilms tumor, 234
Wind
power from, 484, 485, 485f
and water cycle, 465, 465fWindpipe (trachea), 178f, 179, 183,
199, 199f
n Withdrawal (as birth control
method), 316, 316t
Wolpert, Lewis, 352
Women
autoimmunity in, 157
base metabolic rate of, 217
body fluid, as percent of body
weight, 224
n breast cancer in, 169, 177, 324,
324f, 417, 428, 431f, 432t, 433,
433f, 435
n cancer, common sites of, 431f
n cancer screening in, 432t
n cervical cancer in, 322, 325, 425,
432t, 436f
n chromosome nondisjunction
in, 399
complete blood count, normal levels
for, 149t
creatinine blood levels, 149
n daily Calorie intake,
recommendations for, 217
n eating disorders in, 218, 219f
n endometrial disease in, 307, 325
n heart attack symptoms in, 135, 140
n HIV and, 172
n infertility in, 318–319, 318f,
319f, 320
n lung cancer in, 190
menstrual cycle of, 37, 306–307,
309, 309t
n and osteoporosis, 98
n ovarian cancer in, 325, 326, 328,
419, 431f, 432, 432t
ovarian cycle, 308–309, 308f,
309f, 328
pelvic adaptation for childbearing, 95
reproductive system of, 306–307,
306f, 307f
secondary sexual traits, 306, 389
sex chromosomes of, 388–389, 388f,
389f (See also X chromosomes)
sexual arousal, 314, 349
sexually transmitted diseases in,
320–323
n smoking risk in, 177
n tubal ligation, 316, 316t, 317f
urethra, 234, 306, 307f
n urinary tract infections, 233, 234
n uterine cancer in, 325, 431f, 432t
vital capacity of, 183
Woolf, Virginia, 400, 400f
World Health Organization (WHO),
172, 299, 438
World Trade Center attacks,
identification of bodies, 419
World War II, 11, 11f
n Wounds, healing of, 73, 73f, 151,
151f. See also Injuries
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