539Bilateral primitive streaks, 267, 272
Bilaterality, 210, 213
Blastocyst, 4, 23, 29, 31, 100, 101, 104, 143,
154–156, 212, 223–225, 243–245,
258, 259, 273, 275, 314, 319, 327,
339, 346, 490, 497, 507, 508
Blastoderm, 315–319, 322–323
amniotes (see Amniotes)
amphibians, 319–320
defined, 308 (see also Developmental
Hourglass model)
epigenesis concept, 311, (see also Germ
layer theory)
germ layers, 308–310
non-teleost fish (see Non-teleost fish)
preformation theory, 309, 311
Blastomere, 100, 119, 122
Blastula, 100
BMP signaling pathway, 63–65
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), 4, 55,
240, 247, 385, 420
Bucky ball (buc), 184, 185, 187
buc-GFP transgenic line, 192
buc-intronless transgenes, 191
DN effects, 191
gene structure, 191
Kif5Ba, 193
Kinesin-1 and Dazap2, 193
osk RNA, 192
C
Calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II
(CaMKII), 31, 90, 97
Cdk7, 87
Cell cleavage orientation, 138–143, 145, 146
ascidians, 144
mammals
cleavage-related asymmetry, 141
EGA, 142
human embryos, 142, 143
IVF and embryo culture techniques,
140
ZGA, 142
meroblastic cleavage
chick embryo, 138, 139
early mammalian embryo, 141
reptiles, 139, 140
proto-vertebrates
ascidian cleavage pattern, 145
bilateral symmetry, 143
CAB, 145, 146
Cell cleavage type
asters, 122
aurora kinase B (Aur B), 122
chromatin, 120, 122, 123
interpolar microtubules (ipMTs), 120, 121
kinetochore microtubules, 120
spindle apparatus, 120
Cell cycle checkpoints, early embryogenesis,
447, 448
DNA damage
ATM and ATR, 447
cleavage stages, 448
DNA lesions, 448
gastrula stage, 448
PIKKs, 447
post-MBT embryos, 448
rapid DNA repair, 448
forgo checkpoint function, 447
nonpathologic somatic cells, 447
SAC, 448–449
Cell cycle regulation, 91–97, 100–105
Cdks, 86–89
development
blastocyst, 101
blastomeres, 100
blastula, 100
early embryonic cell cycles, 102–105
first mitotic cell division, 101–102
inner cell mass (ICM), 101
MBT, 101
SAC and DNA damage checkpoint, 100
trophoblast, 101
Xenopus eggs, 100
ZGA, 101
zygote, 100
mitotic phosphorylation state, 85
MPF, 85
M-phase, 85
phosphorylation state, 85, 86
PPs, 85 (see Protein phosphatases (PPs))
Ser/Thr protein phosphatases, 91
ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, 89–90
Xenopus early embryonic and somatic cell
cycles, 105, 106
Cell cycle remodeling, MBT, 451–454
elongation
molecular mechanisms, 451, 452
replication checkpoint, 453, 454
zygotic transcription, 452
timing, cell cycle lengthening, 449–451
Cell division, 147–149
egg-to-embryo transition, 147
oocytes to embryos transition, 152–153
spindle orientation, 155
spindles
animal embryos, 149
Caenorhabditis elegans embryo, 148
metaphase spindle asters, 148Index