Vectors of Plant Viruses of Crop Plants in Southeast Asia 173
The pole bean yellow mosaic disease could be
effectively managed by integrated module viz.,
border crop with African tall maize, seed treat-
ment with of imidacloprid 70 % WS at 5.0 g kg,
use of reflective mulch, spraying triazophos 40
EC at 0.175 % at 30 days after sowing (DAS)
and with thiomethoxam 25WDG at 0.05 % at 45
DAS. The integrated module resulted in reduced
disease incidence (7.4 %) and whitefly count
(1.0), highest yield of 32.2 t ha with cost:benefit
ratio of 1:3.17 compared to untreated control
recording mean incidence of 33.0 %, white fly
count 4.73 and 9.70 t ha yield (Jyothi et al. 2013 ).
Vectors play a main role in the epidemiol-
ogy of the virus diseases. Most of the viruses
are transmitted by aphids and leafhoppers. Once
pathogens are identified, molecular diagnostic
techniques could be established, and this would
help in epidemiology and identification of dura-
ble resistant sources. Potential transmission of vi-
ruses with other vector groups (fungi, nematodes,
and other insect species) has to be identified.
Biodiversity of both viruses and vectors should
be studied for better management of viruses. In
future, genetic engineering techniques facilitate
with resistant genes from wild species into culti-
vated genotypes to combat viruses.
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