224 P. R. Shashank et al.
plantations. Most of the work on management of
Conogethes on castor is by insecticides. Insecti-
cides such as fenitrothion (0.05 %), dimethoate
30 EC (0.05 %), endosulfan (0.07 %), carbaryl
(0.15 %), monocrotophos (0.05 %), and quinal-
phos (0.05 %) have proved effective (Saroja et al.
1973 ; Patel et al. 1988 ).
In Japan, entomopathogenic fungi detrimental
to Conogethes eggs have been identified. Ap-
plication of microbial suspensions on emerging
fruiting bodies can avert the need for application
of chemical insecticides. Intercropping, mixed
cropping, use of pheromone traps and timely har-
vests, and destruction of affected plant parts can
substantially contribute to borer suppression.
References
Abe Y, Sanari G (1992) Notes on the peach moth Cono-
gethes punctiferalis attacking cynipid and aphid galls.
Japanese J Entomol 60(1):108
Abraham P (1965) The cardamom in India. ICAR Farm
B 37:6–8
Abraham EV, Padmanabhan MD (1967) Pests that dam-
age cocoa in Madras. Indian Hortic 11(3):11–12
Anandraj M, Peter KV (1996) Biological control in spices.
Indian Institute of Spice Research, Calicut, p 52
Anonymous (1913a) Insect injurious to Papaw apple.
Queens Land Agric J 3:33–35
Anonymous (1913b) The cotton bollworm. Queens Land
Agric J 3:142
Anonymous (1918) Cultivation of castor. Tropic Agric
5:297–301
Anonymous (1944) Annual report of dept. of agriculture
and stock for the year, Brisbane. Queens Land Agric
J 3:88
Anonymous (1954) Pests of cardamom. Memories of the
Department of Agriculture, Madras, pp 998–1000
AQSIQ (2007) Chinese Table Grape Export Technical
Information. Animal and Plant Quarantine Service of
the People’s Republic of China. pp 99
Armstrong K (2010) DNA barcoding: a new module in
New Zealand’s plant biosecurity diagnostic toolbox. B
OEPP/EPPO 40:91–100
Asante SK, Danthanarayana W, Heatwol H (1991) Bio-
nomics and population growth static of aptirousvir-
ginoparae of woody aphid, Eriosomal anigereum, at
constant temperature. Entomol Exp App 60:261–270
Autson JC (1923) Report of entomologist, cyclone depart-
ment of agriculture report, 1921, pp C-21–26
Azam KM, Ali MH (1965) Morphology of larva of Dicho-
crocis punctiferalis Guen., the castor shoot and capsule
borer with special reference to chaetotaxy (Lepidop-
tera: Pyralvdae). Indian J Entomol 27(4):423–431
Ballard E (1924) Entomological Note. Queens Land Agric
J 11:31
Ballard E (1927) Some insects associated with cotton in
Papua and in the mandated territory of New Guinea.
Bull Entomol Res 27:295–300
Bilapate GG, Talati GM (1978) Some studies on bio-
nomics of castor short and fruit borer Dichocrocis
punctiferalis from Gujarat. J Maharashtra Agric Univ
3(1):75–76
Bilapate G, Talati GM (1977) Effect of different food
plants on the larval and papal development of Dicho-
crocis punctiferalis. Madras Agric J 64(1):53–54
Boo KS (1998) Variation in sex pheromone composition
of a few selected lepidopteron. J Asia Pacific Entomol
1(1):17–23
Bravo JP, Silva JLC, Munhoz REF, Fernandez MA
(2008) DNA barcode information for the sugar cane
moth borer Diatraea saccharalis. Gen Mol Res
7(3):741–748
Butani DK (1978) Insect pests of fruit crops and their con-
trol. Pesticides 12(8):53–59
Cai RX, Mu ZL (1993) Trap trials for Conogethes punc-
tiferalis with sex pheromones in citrus orchards. China
Citrus 22(1):33
Chakravarthy AK, Thyagaraj NE (1997) Response of car-
damom shoot and fruit borer to different pheromone
compounds. Insect Environ 2(4):127–128
Chakravarthy AK, Thyagaraj NE (1998) Evaluation of
selected synthetic sex pheromones of the cardamom
shoot and fruit borer, C. punctiferalis in Karnataka.
Pest Manag Hort Eco 4(2):78–82
Chakravarthy AK, Thyagaraj NE (1999) Effect of differ-
ent NPK fertilizer levels on the incidence of carda-
mom pests. Insect Environ 4(4):139–140
Chakravarthy AK, Honda H, Thyagaraj NE (1991) Com-
parison of containers for larval rearing in stalk and
fruit feeding type of Conogethes punctiferalis (Guen.)
Lepidoptera: Pyralidae. Placrosym IX:127–131
Chakravarthy AK, Shivanna S, Chandrappa L, Naik L,
(1997) Insect pests on castor in Karnataka. Insect
Environ 2(4):135
Chakravarthy AK, Shashank PR, Doddabasappa B, Thya-
garaj NE (2012) Status of shoot and fruit borer, Cono-
gethes spp (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in the Orient:
biosystematics, biology and management. J Insect Sci
25(2):107–117
Clausen CP (1927) The citrus insects in Japan. Technol
Bull USDA 15:15
Devasahayam S, Koya MA, Reddy PP, Kumar WKK,
Varghese A (1998) IPM in spices, challenges for the
future. Advances in IPM for horticultural crops: envi-
ronmental complications and thrust, Bangalore. India
Oct 15-17(1997):157–164
Doddabasappa B (2012) Factors associated with resis-
tance mechanism with shoot and fruit borer Cono-
gethes punctiferalis Guenee (Lepidoptera, Crambidae)
population infesting caster and cardamom. PhD Dis-
sertation, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore