Paris Climate Agreement Beacon of Hope

7 United States National Academy of Sciences (NAS 2006 ) reviewed the voluminous literature on climate reconstructions over the ...

8 Finally, changes in global mean surface temperature, to which RF of climate will be related, are much more certain from 1765 t ...

9 important GHG, is responsible for the majority of radiation sent back to the surface. The abundance of H 2 O in our atmosphere ...

10 hence they are denoted ΔR F.^2 Red is used to represent warming (positive ΔRF); blue is used to show cooling (negative ΔRF). ...

11 on surface conditions (i.e., the air we breathe). There is no coordinated international effort to limit future growth of trop ...

12 brighter (leading to cooling) and the deposition of dark, carbonaceous material on snow that darkens the surface (leading to ...

13 and N 2 O used in IPCC ( 2013 ) calculation of GWP are 12.4 and 121 years, respectively. These lifetimes are typically used f ...

14 years, a significant fraction of the initial, pulsed release of CH 4 is present in the mod- eled atmosphere. However, integra ...

15 The Stefan-Boltzmann equation relates the temperature of an object to the rate at which it is able to disperse energy: PowerT ...

16 responsible for the difference between the expected (0.7 °C) and observed (0.9 °C) rise in GMST over the course of the Anthro ...

17 Precise quantification of the contemporary abundance of atmospheric CO 2 was initi- ated by Charles David Keeling at the Maun ...

18 observation and a forty-five percent increase relative to 280 ppm, the atmospheric mixing ratio of CO 2 commonly assumed to h ...

19 Fig. 1.8 further demonstrates that the anthropogenic activity exerts primary control on the hemispheric gradient in atmospher ...

20 activity or deep sea vents, atmospheric O 2 would be unaffected because the domi- nant form of outgassed carbon is CO 2 , wit ...

21 (i.e., uncharged). Hence^12 C,^13 C, and^14 C are all considered to be different forms of carbon because they all contain six ...

22 atmospheric CO 2 (blue bars) after the eruption of Mt. Agung (1963) and Mt. Pinatubo (1991) is suppressed relative to prior y ...

23 contain a mass of carbon about 50 times greater than that in the atmosphere and it has long been known that the world’s ocean ...

24 ±0.0014 per year) in the slope of the trend fit line. This uncertainty encompasses (albeit, just barely) the possibility that ...

25 human set fires (biomass burning), microbial processes in the stomachs of ruminants,^22 as well as anaerobic conditions commo ...

26 tCH Mass (^41) 5326 550 ==- = 97 RemovalRate Tg Tg year .year (1.7) On average, a molecule of CH 4 released to the atmosphere ...