Index 247
Shark Trust, 195
Sharpnose Sevengill Shark (Heptranchius perlo),
122
Shortfin Mako Shark (Isurus oxyrinchus), 25,
223; declining numbers, 188; enemies, 103;
feeding, 142; fishing, 193; media depictions,
210; parasites, 110; reproduction, 122; safety
of eating, 182; sex segregation, 128; size, ma-
turity, and longevity, 129, 130; speed, 17, 43;
stomach eversion, 138–39; teeth, 26; tracking
movements, 226; vertical movements, 89
Shortnose Sawshark (Pristiophorus nudipinnis), 9
Shorttail Stingray, 95, 105
Shovelnose Guitarfish (Rhinobatos productus), 9
shysharks, 54–55, 66–67, 102, 106–7
Sicklefin Lemon Shark (Negaprion acutidens),
72, 165
Silky Shark (Carcharhinus falciformis), 64, 68,
71, 76, 97, 165, 183, 223
Silvertip Shark (Carcharhinus albimarginatus), 56
Sixgill Sawshark (Pliotrema warreni), 5, 9
sixgill sharks (Hexanchus spp.), 102, 120, 125, 166
Sixgill Stingray (Hexatrygon bickelli), 95
size of sharks, 14–17; estimating from bite
marks, 178–79; growth rate, 132, 133; at
maturity, 129–31
skates, 1–2; activity patterns, 99; age determi-
nation, 132; albino, 62; art and literature,
216; brain, 51, 80; breathing, 43; classifica-
tion, 3, 4, 228; coloration, 55, 59, 64, 66,
105; declining numbers, 185, 188; defenses,
105–6; differentiation from sharks and
rays, 7–8; egg cases, 2, 8, 117–18, 123, 126;
electrogenic, 40, 41, 107, 115; evolution, 13;
eyes, 64; feeding, 137, 147, 152; fishing, 188,
192, 193, 194, 195–96; habitats, 5, 12, 13,
91, 96; hearing, 35; migration, 88, 99–100;
ocean depth, 94, 95, 96; olfaction, 33, 34;
parasites, 108, 109; pets, 159; “punting,” 46;
pygmy, 17; rare, 97–98, 224; reproduction,
5, 8, 114, 115, 117–18, 123, 125, 126, 128;
research, 221, 225; resting on the bottom,
41, 43, 88, 96; seeing in captivity, 167; seeing
in the wild, 164; shape, 8; size, maturity, and
longevity, 130; solitary, 68, 70; species, 10;
swimming, 6, 45, 46; tails, 8
skeleton, 32, 33
sleep, 41
sleeper sharks (Somniosus), 4, 24, 224, 228;
avoiding predators, 106; enemies, 101, 103;
eyes, 64; feeding, 136, 137; ocean depth, 94;
parts used by humans, 199; reproduction, 121,
122; safety of eating, 183; size, 15, 17, 95
Smalleye Hammerhead (Sphyrna tudes), 63
Smalleye Pygmy Shark (Squaliolus aliae), 16
Smalleye Stingray (Dasyatis microps), 16
Small-spotted Catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula),
30, 39, 64, 66, 68, 72, 125, 128, 223
Smalltooth Sawfish (Pristis pectinata), 16, 130, 133
smell sense, 33–35; and food, 140, 141, 154;
hammerheads, 49–50
Smooth Dogfish (Mustelus canis), 50, 73, 119,
124, 180, 181, 182, 223
Smooth Hammerhead Shark (Sphyrna zygaena),
120, 183, 188
Smooth Skate, 88
Snaggletooth Shark (Hemipristis elongatus), 18
social behavior, 68–70, 77–79
sounds: detection, 35–36, 139–40, 207; made by
sharks, 82–83
Soupfin Shark (Galeorhinus zyopterus), 186
South African Sixgill Sawshark, 5, 9
Southern Stingray (Dasyatis americana), 74, 101,
105, 130, 133, 142, 166, 180
Southern Thorny Skate (Amblyraja doellojura-
doi), 106
spawning, 88, 123
Speartooth Mako (Isurus hastalis), 18
species of sharks, 10–11, 224–25; abundance,
97, 170–71; best known, 222–23; differ-
entiation, 224–25; endangered, 185–91;
geographic diversity, 95–97; pests, 170;
rare / least known, 97–99, 223–24; taxonomy,
3–4, 10, 224, 227–29
speed, swimming, 17–18, 43
sperm, 113, 114, 119, 125, 126, 127
Spined Pygmy Shark (Squaliolus laticaudus),
16, 57
Spiny Dogfish Shark (Squalus acanthias), 98 ,
223; abundance, 71, 97, 98, 170, 171 , 180;
age determination, 132; avoiding preda-
tors, 102, 106; coloration, 66; conservation,
97, 187 ; diseases, 180–81; enemies, 102,
103; feeding, 153; fishing, 186, 187, 192;
geographic distribution, 95, 98; growth rate,
133; maturity and longevity, 130, 131; medi-
cal uses, 162; metabolism, 23; migration, 84,
85, 86, 99; parasites, 108; reproduction, 119,
122, 125; safety of eating, 182; schools, 71;
seeing in captivity, 167; sex segregation, 128;
size, 119, 130; swimming, 46; teeth, 30
Spotback Skate (Atlantoraja castelnaui), 59
Spotted Eagle Ray (Aetobatus narinari), 60,
attacks, 175; coloration, 59–60, 72, 225;
groups, 70, 71; identifying individuals, 60,
72; mating/reproduction, 113, 121; migra-
tion, 88; parasites, 108; remoras on, 78; see-
ing in captivity, 167; swimming, 45, 60, 71;
teeth, 30; tracking movements, 225
Spotted Ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei), 61–62, 88,
97, 120, 129, 153
squalamine, 160–61, 181
Squaliformes, 4, 228
Squalus suckleyi, 97, 98, 131. See also Spiny
Dogfish Shark
Squatiniformes, 4, 8, 10, 228
Starry Skate (Raja stellulata), 55, 106
Steno, Nicholaus, 206