Index 249
underwater photography, 64
Undulate Ray (Raja undulata), 59
Velvet Belly Lantern Shark (Etmopterus spinax),
60, 63, 136, 153
Vermiculate River Stingray (Potamotrygon
castexi), 81
vertebrae: age determination by, 132–33; fossil-
ized, 20; hardened cartilage, 32, 33; tools and
ornaments, 208
vertical movements, 45, 88–90
Vibrio infections, 180–81
video games, 214–15
vision, 36–38, 49, 60, 140
warm-blooded animals, 24–25
water temperature, 13, 23–24; global warm-
ing, 191; migration, 84–90; species diversity,
95–97
websites, 232–33
Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus), 1, 4, 69 , 150 ,
223, 227; albino, 61; avoiding predators, 105;
boat injuries, 200; buoyancy, 45; coloration,
56, 59; conservation, 188, 195; enemies, 103;
feeding, 15, 28–29, 68, 69, 138, 148–50; fish-
ing, 188, 194, 195; groups, 68, 69; identify-
ing individuals, 72; maturity and longevity,
130; migration, 84, 86, 90; remoras on, 77;
reproduction, 121, 122, 123, 125; seeing in
captivity, 169, 189 ; seeing in the wild, 165;
sex segregation, 128; size, 14–15, 18, 130;
teeth, 28, 30, 105; tracking movements, 225,
226; vertical movements, 45, 89
Whitenose Shark (Nasolamia velox), 56
White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias), xvi, 1,
10, 31 , 33, 33 , 62 , 74 , 153 , 224; activity, 99,
151; albino, 61, 62; archeological artifact,
208, 209 ; attacks, 172–74, 180, 216; avoid-
ing predators, 104–5; bite force, 153; body
temperature, 24; brain, 51–52, 80; buoyancy,
45; conservation, 195; in culture, 204, 209;
declining numbers, 188; enemies, 27, 101,
103; evolution, 18; eyes, 36–37, 64; feeding,
23, 24, 30–31, 68, 102, 132, 136, 138, 140,
145, 151–53, 156; fighting, 73, 74, 76; fish-
ing, 188, 194, 195; groups, 68; growth rate,
132; historical descriptions, 206; hoaxes,
216; identifying individuals, 72; intelligence,
52; maturity and longevity, 130, 131; media
depictions, 210, 211, 213–14, 220; migration,
86, 87, 90; navigation, 90; olfaction, 33–34;
oxygen, 23; parasites, 108; pheromones, 34;
play, 82; in religion, 205; reproduction, 116,
124; safety of eating, 182; seeing in captivity,
168–69; seeing in the wild, 165–67, 166 ; size,
15, 130; swimming, 43; teeth, 18, 25, 30–31,
209 ; territoriality, 76; tonic immobility, 83;
tracking movements, 45, 86; vertebra, 33;
vertical movements, 45, 89
Whitespotted Bamboo Shark (Chiloscyllium
plagiosum), 32, 61, 80, 114, 148
White-Spotted Marble Electric Ray (Torpedo
marmorata), 61, 124
Whitetip Reef Shark (Triaenodon obesus), 223;
activity, 68–69; breathing, 43; coloration, 56;
feeding, 156; groups, 68–69, 71, 72; habitats,
77; lying on the bottom, 41, 43, 69; repro-
duction, 120; tracking movements, 225
Winghead Shark (Eusphyra blochii), 48, 49
Winter Skate, 88, 223
winter survival, 99–100
wobbegongs, 8, 41, 43, 54, 58, 63, 101, 105, 167
worm infestations, 108–10
Xenacanthus, 13
Yellow Smoothhound Shark (Mustelus
higmani), 61
Yellow Stingray (Urobatis jamaiciensis), color
vision, 38
Zambezi Shark, 173. See also Bull Shark
Zebra Bullhead Shark (Heterodontus zebra), 28 ,
58, 65
Zebra Shark (Stegostoma fasciatum), 4, 12, 58,
62, 65, 65 , 72, 115, 127, 157, 168, 225