brushfinch: 307; Chestnut-capped (Arremon brunneinucha), 307
bug: 26, 193, 242, 288–9, 373; Peanut-headed (Fulgora
laternaria), 360
bunting: 307, 315; Indigo (Passerina cyanea), 318
buriti. See palm, Moriche
koi. See palm, Moriche
business as usual (BAU) model: 385
butterfly: 360–2; ant-butterfly, 361; Batesian mimicry by,
199–202; Blue Morpho (Morpho didius), 64; brush-footed
(Nymphalidae), 362; Caligo eurilochus, 199; clearwing satyr
(Cithaerias spp.), 362; cracker (Hamadryas spp.), 64–5;
Dryas iulia, 196; heliconid 130, 196–9, 202–3; Heliconius
spp. 18, 64–5, 119, 191, 196–7, 198–9, 202, 360–1;
Heliconius cydno, 202; Heliconius doris, 197, 199; Heliconius
eleuchia, 202; Heliconius elevatus, 202; Heliconius erato, 119,
196, 198, 200, 202; Heliconius melpomene, 119, 198, 200,
202; Heliconius timareta, 202; Malachite (Siproeta stelenes),
362; Mechanitis isthmia, 198; Melinaea spp., 195; migration
in, 242; Monarch (Danaus plexippus), 198; morpho (Morpho
spp.), 64, 181, 361; Owl (Caligo memnon), 361; Phoebis
spp., 361; swallowtail, 361–2; Thisbe irenea, 194; whites
and sulphurs (Pieridae), 361; Zebra Longwing (Heliconius
charithonia), 18, 196. See also caterpillar; moth
Byrsonima crassifolia: 251C
caatinga: 99, 250, 256
caboclo: 210, 370, 373
cacao (Theobroma cacao): 22, 44, 111, 210, 369, 371
cacique: 303–7; Yellow-rumped (Cacicus cela), 304–5
cactus: 39, 53, 248, 254, 256; Lophophora spp., 375
caffeine: 188, 371
caiman: 17, 204, 210, 215–9, 259, 304; Black (Melanosuchus
niger), 218; Broad-snouted (Caiman latirostris), 219;
Common or Spectacled (Caiman crocodilus), 218, 257;
Cuvier’s Dwarf (Paleosuchus palpebrosus), 219; Schneider’s
Dwarf (Paleosuchus trigonatus), 219; Yacare or Paraguayan
(Caiman yacare), 218–9, See also crocodile
calcium oxalate: 188
calcium: 53, 73–4, 82–5, 87, 93, 252, 366
Campbell, J. A.: 348,
campesino: 373
campo rupestre: 250
Canaima Falls, Venezuela: 89
canastero: 298
candela or candellillo. See piper
canid: 344. See also dog; fox; wolf
cannabidiol: 188
Canopy Tower, Panama: 21, 23, 25, 387
canopy walkway: 23–5
capuchin. See monkey
Capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris): 131–2, 214–5, 257, 260,
330–1, 367, 370; Lesser (Hydrochaeris isthmius), 214. See
also rodent
caracara: 221, 312; crested (Caracara spp.), 312; Southern
Crested (Caracara plancus), 313; Yellow-headed (Milvago
chimachima), 312–3Carbon Dioxide: 73–7, 93, 379, 383
carbon: 73–8, 229–30, 379, 383, 385; credit, 385; cycling,
383; fixation, 73; loss from deforestation and fire, 77; loss
from river outgassing, 77; seasonal flux and loss of, 76–7;
sequestration, 28, 377; sink, 74–9, 383; source, 76, 79, 81, 383
cardinal: 279, 307; Red-crested (Paroaria coronata), 279
Caribbean: 16–8, 37, 100, 207, 239, 242–4, 250–1
Carvajal, Gaspar de: 365
Casearia corymbosa, 163; Casearia sylvestris: 251
cassava. See manioc
cat: 132–3, 150, 148, 184–5, 341–4
Catbird, Gray (Dumetella carolinensis): 316
caterpillar: 80–1, 149, 185, 187, 191, 194–8, 202–3, 336; False
Sphinx Moth (Pseudosphinx tetrio), 187; myrmecophilous,- See also butterfly; moth
catfish (order Siluriformes): 169–70, 228–9, 259; Corydoras
spp. 228; Vandellia cirrhosa, 229
cattle ranching: 251, 376–9, 387
cauliflory: 44–5, 174
Cavy, Patagonian: 261
cecropia (Cecropia spp.): 67, 108–10, 189, 192–4, 251, 254,
269–70, 274, 280, 310, 316, 335–6, 382; Cecropia obtusifolia,
104, 110; Cecropia peltata, 188
Cenozoic era: 128, 206, 253, 256
centipede: 138, 190, 358, 363; Amazonian Giant (Scolopendra
gigantea), 363
Central America: 90, 100, 102, 110–11, 135–6, 159, 205, 235–6,
244, 247, 250–2, 366, 368
cerrado: 20, 27, 250–1, 254–6
chachalaca: 264–5; Plain (Ortalis vetula), 264; Rufous-vented
(Ortalis ruficauda), 265. See also curassow; guan
Chaco: 250
Chan Chich Lodge, Belize: 25, 267
characins (family Characidae): 169–70, 228
Chat, Yellow-breasted (Icteria virens): 316
chiggers: 389
Children’s Eternal Rainforest, Costa Rica: 242
Chile: 18, 20, 25, 115, 244, 247–8, 292,
chinchilla (Chinchilla spp.): 132, 248, 330. See also rodent
chiropterophily: 173–4
chlorophonia: 306–7; Blue-naped (Chlorophonia cyanea), 307.
See also tanager
Chocó: 135, 186, 236
cicada (order Hemiptera): 60–1
Cinchona: 239, 373
cinclodes: 298
Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela: 207
Clark, D.: 57
climate change: 28, 37, 74, 78–9, 93, 107, 128, 140, 375–8,
383–4, 387
climate: 16–21, 28–32, 48, 85, 106, 138, 140–2, 150, 153, 244–5,
247, 250–2, 256. See also climate change
Clusia: 245
coati / coatimundi: 36–7, 58, 102, 159, 177, 339–40; South
American coati (Nasua nasua), 339; White-nosed coati
(Nasua narica), 339
index index 419