Combined Stresses in Plants: Physiological, Molecular, and Biochemical Aspects

192 N. J. Atkinson et al.

Plant species

Biotic stress

Abiotic stress

Total VOCs in dual stress

)-3-hexen-1-yl acetateZ(

β-myrcene

)-α-farneseneE, E(

)-β-farneseneE(

linalool

DMNT

Indole

α-bergamontene

TMTT

Geranyl acetate

)-nerolidolE(

β-caryophyllene

)-β-ocimeneE(

Methyl salicylate

1-penten-3-ol

)-Hexen-1-olZ(

)-2-HexenalE(

)-3-HexenalE(

LOX products

α-Thujene

α-Pinene

Sabinene

Limonene

β-Elements

Β-sesquiphellandrene

Zea mays

SL

Increased soil humid-ity (20 to 60–80

%)

↓ ↑

n.s n.s n.s

↑ ↕ ↕

n.s

n.s

↕

n.s

↕

• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  

Zea mays

SL

Increased air humid-ity (20 to 45–65

%)

↑

n.s n.s n.s n.s n.s n.s n.s

n.s

n.s n.s n.s n.s –

• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  

Zea mays

SL

Increased temperature (17–37

°C)

↑ ↑

n.s n.s n.s n.s n.s n.s

n.s

↑

n.s

↑ ↑

• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  

Zea mays

SL

High light intensity (0 to 15,000–20,000

lm/

m

2 )

↑ ↓

n.s

↓

n.s

↑

n.s

↑

n.s

↑ ↑ ↑ ↑

• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  

Zea mays

SL

Reduced fertilisation

↓

n.s n.s

↓

n.s

↕ ↓ ↓

n.s

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  

Zea mays

SF

Increased copper (0–80

μM)

↑ ↑

• 
  


• 
  

↑

n.s n.s n.s

↑

n.s –

n.s

n.s –

• 
  


• 
  

↑ ↑

n.s

• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  

↑

Alnus gluti-nosa

MP

Drought

↑

n.s –

• 
  


• 
  


• 
  

↑

• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  

↑ ↑

• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  

↑

• 
  


• 
  


• 
  


• 
  

↑

• 
  

Table 9.1

Impact of simultaneous biotic and abiotic stresses on the emission of volatile compounds