Wrestling with Nature From Omens to Science

Natural Philosophy 197

4:4–5, referring to the texts of Musschenbroek, Nollet, and others, and emphasizing
their exclusion of natural history and chemistry.

9. Daniel Jenisch, Geist und Charakter des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts (Berlin: Akademie
   der Wissenschaften, 1800–1), 1:480.


10. Heinrich Döring, Die gelehrten Theologen Deutschlands im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert
    (Neustadt a.d. Orla: J. Wagner, 1831–35), s.v. “Jenisch.”


11. J. L. Heilbron, “Experimental Natural Philosophy,” in The Ferment of Knowledge,
    361–67.


12. Arthur Donovan, “Lavoisier and the Origins of Modern Chemistry,” Osiris 4
    (1988): 215, 221–22, 226–28; Carlton E. Perrin, “Research Traditions, Lavoisier, and the
    Chemical Revolution,” Osiris 4 (1988): 53–81; Perrin, “Chemistry as Peer of Physics,”
    Isis 81 (1990): 262, 265–67; Anders Lundgren, “The Changing Role of Numbers in
    Eighteenth Century Chemistry,” in The Quantifying Spirit in the 18th Century, ed. Tore
    Frängsmyr, J.L. Heilbron, and Robin E. Rider (Berkeley: University of California Press,
    1990), 245–46, 257–63; Armand Seguin, “Observations générales sur le calorique,” An-
    nales de chimie 3 (1789): 150n, 227n.


13. L’Encyclopédie, 12:536–7; Hutton, Philosophical and Mathematical Dictionary,
    2:185. The term “fi sicomatematica” was in use in Italy in the seventeenth century.


14. J. L. Heilbron, Weighing Imponderables and Other Quantitative Science around
    1800 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 29; F.K. Achard, “Mémoire sur la
    mesure de force de l’électricité,” Journal de physique 21 (1782): 196.


15. Jean Baptiste Biot, Traité de physique expérimentale et mathématique (Paris: Deter-
    ville, 1816), 1:xvi. Biot gave the example of Newton’s derivation of Kepler’s laws.


16. Heilbron, Weighing Imponderables, 6–16.


17. Ibid., 17–23.


18. Johnson, A dictionary of the English language, s.v. “practitioner.”


19. Heilbron, Physics at the Royal Society, 35.


20. Sydney Ross, “Scientist: The Story of a Word,” Annals of Science 18 (1962): 65–85.


21. Heilbron, Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries, 122, 126; Henry E. Lowood,
    “Patriotism, Profi t, and the Promotion of Science in the German Enlightenment: The
    Economic and Scientifi c Societies” (PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1987).


22. L’Encyclodédie, 12:512–13. The other parts are theology and psychology. L’Ency-
    clopédie credits Wolff with this tripartite division.


23. Heilbron, Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries, 77–8, 128–29; Boscovich to
    Lorna, July 20, 1784, in Ruggiero Boscovich. Lettere ad Anton Maria Lorgna, 1765–1785,
    ed. Ugo Baldini and Pietro Nastasi (Rome: Accademia dei XL, 1988), 112.


24. H.A.M. Snelders, Dictionary of Scientifi c Biography, vol. 13, 468–69.


25. Heilbron, Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries, 126–31, 134, 137, 163; the
    last quote from an offi cial of the Petersburg Academy concerning recruitment of per-
    sonnel in 1724.


26. Ibid., xv–xxiv, 412–13, 422–24.


27. Unpublished data, Offi ce for History of Science and Technology, University of
    California, Berkeley.


28. Deluc to Lichtenberg, March 27, 1798, in Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Brief-
    wechsel, ed. Ulrich Joost and Albrecht Schöne (Munich: Beck, 1992), 4:832–33.


29. Cf. Noël Antoine Pluche, Spectacle de la nature: or Nature Display’d, 3rd ed.