218 Numbers
of the prescientifi c days of the nineteenth century.^81 Still other physicians
lamented the lost art of medicine, stolen by science. And always there were
the commencement speakers and anniversary lecturers regaling audiences
with the inspiring story of medicine’s rise to the pinnacle of science.NOTES
I want to thank Spencer Fluhman and Paul Erickson for their assistance in tracking
down many of the sources used in this essay.- Dana W. Atchley, “Science and Medical Education,” Journal of the American Medi-
cal Association 164 (1957): 542. - George Sarton, “The History of Science versus the History of Medicine,” Isis 23
(1935): 313–20; Henry E. Sigerist, “The History of Medicine and the History of Science:
An Open Letter to George Sarton, Editor of Isis,” Bulletin of the Institute of the History of
Medicine 4 (1936): 1–13. - See, e.g., Gerald L. Geison, “Divided We Stand: Physiologists and Clinicians
in the American Context,” in The Therapeutic Revolution: Essays in the Social History
of American Medicine, ed. Morris J. Vogel and Charles E. Rosenberg (Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979), 67–90; Russell C. Maulitz, “‘Physician versus
Bacteriologist’: The Ideology of Science in Clinical Medicine,” in The Therapeutic Revolu-
tion, 91–107; S. E. D. Shortt, “Physicians, Science, and Status: Issues in the Profession-
alization of Anglo- American Medicine in the Nineteenth Century,” Medical History
27 (1983): 51–68; Christopher Lawrence, “Incommunicable Knowledge: Science,
Technology and the Clinical Art in Britain, 1850–1914,” Journal of Contemporary His-
tory 20 (1985): 503–20; and especially the writings of John Harley Warner: “Science in
Medicine,” Osiris 2nd ser., 1 (1985): 37–58; The Therapeutic Perspective: Medical Practice,
Knowledge, and Identity in America, 1820–1885 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press, 1986); “Science, Healing, and the Physician’s Identity: A Problem of Professional
Character in Nineteenth- Century America,” Clio Medica 22 ([1989?]): 65–88; “Ideals
of Science and Their Discontents in late Nineteenth- Century American Medicine,” Isis
82 (1991): 454–78; “The Idea of Science in English Medicine: The ‘Decline of Science’
and the Rhetoric of Reform, 1815–45,” in British Medicine in an Age of Reform, ed. Roger
French and Andrew Wear (London: Routledge, 1991), 136–64; “The History of Science
and the Sciences of Medicine,” Osiris 2nd ser., 10 (1995): 164–93; and Against the Spirit
of System: The French Impulse in Nineteenth- Century American Medicine (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 1998). - G. E. R. Lloyd, Magic, Reason and Experience: Studies in the Origins and Development
of Greek Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 96–97. See also Roy
Porter and W. F. Bynum, “The Art and Science of Medicine,” in Companion Encyclopedia
of the History of Medicine, ed. W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (London: Routledge, 1993),
1:3–11; and Jacques Jouanna, “The Birth of Western Medical Art,” in Western Medical
Thought from Antiquity to the Middle Ages, trans. and ed. Mirko D. Grmek and Antony
Shugaar (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 22–71.