Roger French, Ancient Natural History (London: Routledge, 1994), 223–24.
Charles H. Talbot, “Medicine,” in Science in the Middle Ages, ed. David C. Lind-
berg (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 392.
Nancy G. Siraisi, Avicenna in Renaissance Italy: The Canon and Medical Teaching in
Italian Universities after 1500 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987), 23–24.
Jerome J. Bylebyl, “The Medical Meaning of Physica,” Osiris 2nd ser., 6 (1990):
16, 30 (Malmesbury). Charles H. Talbot attributes the distinction between the physicus
and the medicus to the Arabs; see Talbot, “Medicine,” 402.
Nancy G. Siraisi, “Taddeo Alderotti and Bartolomeo da Varignana on the Nature
of Medical Learning,” Isis 68 (1977): 27–39. For a somewhat fuller account, see Siraisi,
Taddeo Alderotti and His Pupils: Two Generations of Italian Medical Learning (Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981), 118–46. On the place of medicine in medieval
classifi catory schemes, see James A. Weisheipl, “The Nature, Scope, and Classifi cation
of the Sciences,” in Science in the Middle Ages, 461–82.
Vern L. Bullough, The Development of Medicine as a Profession: The Contribution
of the Medieval University to Modern Medicine (Basel: S. Karger, 1966), 95.
Darrel W. Amundsen, “Medicine and Surgery as Art or Craft: The Role of Sche-
matic Literature in the Separation of Medicine and Surgery in the Late Middle Ages,”
Transactions and Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia 5th ser., 1 (1979):
52–55; Weisheipl, “Nature, Scope, and Classifi cation,” 473–74.
Robert S. Gottfried, Doctors and Medicine in Medieval England, 1340–1530
(Prince ton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986), 37.
Ian Maclean, Logic, Signs and Nature in the Renaissance: The Case of Learned Medi-
cine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 70–76 (quote, 73).
Harold J. Cook, “The New Philosophy and Medicine in Seventeenth- Century
England,” in Reappraisals of the Scientifi c Revolution, ed. David C. Lindberg and Robert S.
Westman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 397–436; see also Cook,
“Physicians and Natural History,” in Cultures of Natural History, ed. N. Jardine, J. A.
Secord, and E. C. Spary (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 91–105. On
the history of medicine and natural philosophy, see Roger French, Medicine before Sci-
ence: The Rational and Learned Doctor from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment (Cam-
bridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
Roger French, William Harvey’s Natural Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-
versity Press, 1994); Jacques Roger, “The Living World,” in The Ferment of Knowledge:
Studies in the Historiography of Eighteenth- Century Science, ed. G. S. Rousseau and Roy
Porter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 255–83; see also Jacques Roger,
The Life Sciences in Eighteenth- Century French Thought, ed. Keith R. Benson, trans. Robert
Ellrich (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997).
Quoted in Thomas H. Broman, “The Medical Sciences,” in The Eighteenth
Century, ed. Roy Porter, vol. 4 of The Cambridge History of Science, ed. David C. Lindberg
and Ronald L. Numbers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 534–35.
“Medicine,” Chambers’s Cyclopaedia; or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and
Sciences, 2nd ed. (1738), quoted in Roy Porter, “Medical Science and Human Science
in the Enlightenment,” in Inventing Human Science: Eighteenth- Century Domains, ed.
Christopher Fox, Roy Porter, and Robert Wokler (Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1995), 56.
