222 Numbers
Co., 1971), quoted in W. Bruce Fye, The Development of American Physiology: Scientifi c
Medicine in the Nineteenth Century (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press,
1987), 107–8.- Quoted in Simon Flexner and John Thomas, Flexner, William Henry Welch and
the Heroic Age of American Medicine (New York: Viking, 1941) 112–13; see also Thomas
Neville Bonner, American Doctors and German Universities: A Chapter in International
Intellectual Relations, 1870–1914 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963). - Alfred L. Loomis, “Inaugural Address on the Present Needs of Scientifi c Medi-
cine,” Medical Record 35 (1889): 141–44. - See Ronald L. Numbers and John Harley Warner, “The Maturation of American
Medical Science,” in Scientifi c Colonialism: A Cross- Cultural Comparison, ed. Nathan
Reingold and Mar Rothenberg (Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1987),
191–214. - Frederick T. Gates, quoted in E. Richard Brown, Rockefeller Medicine Men:
Medicine and Capitalism in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), 106;
George W. Corner, A History of the Rockefeller Institute,1901–1953: Origins and Growth
(New York: Rockefeller Institute Press, 1964). - Christopher Crenner, Private Practice: In the Early Twentieth- Century Medical Of-
fi ce of Dr. Richard Cabot (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), 12. - Charles E. Rosenberg, The Care of Strangers: The Rise of America’s Hospital System
(New York: Basic Books, 1987), 332–33. - See, e.g., Ronald L. Numbers, “Do- It- Yourself the Sectarian Way,” in Medicine
without Doctors: Home Health Care in American History, ed. Guenter B. Risse, Ronald L.
Numbers, and Judith Walzer Leavitt (New York: Science History Publications, 1977),
49–72. - American Medical Association, Digest of Offi cial Actions, 1846–1958 (Chicago:
American Medical Association, 1959), 609–10; E. Giddings et al., “Report of the Com-
mittee on Medical Education,” American Medical Association, Transactions 22 (1871):
127, 148. - N. S. Davis, “The Intimate Relation of Medical Science to the Whole Field of
Natural Sciences,” Transactions of the Illinois State Medical Society 3 (1853): 18–22. - James Tyler Kent, New Remedies, Clinical Cases, Lesser Writings, Aphorisms, and
Precepts (Chicago: Erhart and Karl, 1926), 211, quoted in Harris L. Coulter, Science and
Ethic in American Medicine, 1800–1914, vol. 3 of Divided Legacy: A History of the Schism
in Medical Thought (Washington, DC: McGrath Publishing, 1973), 329; see also Naomi
Rogers, “American Homeopathy Confronts Scientifi c Medicine,” in Culture, Knowledge,
and Healing: Historical Perspectives of Homeopathic Medicine in Europe and North America,
ed. Robert Jütte, Guenter B. Risse, and John Woodward (Sheffi eld: European Associa-
tion for the History of Medicine, 1998), 32; and Rogers, An Alternative Path: The Making
and Remaking of Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital in Philadelphia (New Bruns-
wick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998). On homeopathic appropriation of scientifi c
medicine, see, e.g., B. Lyon Williams, Homeopathy and the Doctors; or, A Plea for Scientifi c
Medicine (London: Henry Turner, 1870); and I. W. Heysinger, The Scientifi c Basis of Medi-
cine (Philadelphia: Boericke & Tafel, 1897). - Wooster Beach, The American Practice Condensed; or, The Family Physician, Being
the Scientifi c System of Medicine, on Vegetable Principles, Designed for All Classes (New York: