Fecundity, 493
Feedback inhibition, 48
Feedback systems, 108
Female reproductive hormones,
198–200
Female reproductive system,
196–197
Fermentation, 52, 65 , 78
Fertility rate, 507 , 533
average, 507
replacement, 507
Fight-or-flight, 139, 189
Fimbriae, 197
Finches, 339, 344, 345, 407
Fitness, 338
FitzRoy, Robert, 343
5 ′cap, 260
Fixed (allelle), 368
Fleming, Alexander, 153
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH),
174
Follicles, 198
Follicular stage, 199
Food allergies, 129
Food chain, 442 , 447TL
Food webs, 442
Fossil fuels, 453
Fossil record, 349
Fossils, 330, 332, 340, 349
biodiversity, 349
evolution, 350
transitional, 351
Founder effect, 381
Fourth ventricle, 143
Fovea centralis, 156
Frameshift mutation, 287
Franklin, Rosalind, 224, 225
Frequency, 369
Frontal lobe, 145
Functional groups, 15 –16, 565
hydrophilic, 16Gage, Fred, 150
Galápagos Islands, 343, 344, 345,
353, 407
Gametes, 192
Gametic isolation, 400
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA),
151
Ganglion cell layer, 154
Gel electrophoresis, 296 ,
300–301inv
Gene expression
eukaryotes, 276–280
prokaryotes, 272–276
regulation of, 272
Gene flow, 382
Gene pool, 336
Gene recombination, 373
Gene swapping, 420
Gene therapy, 284, 315
vectors, 315–316General Adaptation Syndrome
(GAS), 190
Generalists, 436
foraging strategy, 437–438inv
Generic code, 254
Genes, 241 , 365
coding regions, 243
exons, 243
functional definition, 242
introns, 243
jumping, 246
non-coding regions, 243
number of, 243
pseudogenes, 246
Genetic changes in DNA, 284
Genetic code
characteristics, 254–256
continuity, 254
redundancy, 255
universality, 255
Genetic diversity in fish hatcheries,
382TL
Genetic drift, 379
population, 379–380
Genetic engineering, 284–317
evolution, 373
new era, 293
Genetic information, transfer of,
253
Genetic material, organization of,
228
Genetic structure, 369
Genetic traits, 216
Genetics, 119, 365
alleles, 365
dominant allele, 366
fixed allele, 368
genotype, 366
incomplete dominance, 367
locus, 365
manipulation of genes, 119
mutation, 365
phenotype, 366
polymorphic population, 368
population, 364, 367
recessive allele, 366
Genome, 241
arrangement of, 243
size of, 243
Genome mapping, 298
Genotype, 366
Geographic speciation.
SeeAllopatric speciation
Geographical barriers, 399
Geological time scale, 349
Geometrical isomers, 15
Germ cell mutations, 286
Germ cells, 555 , 556–557
Germ-line therapy, 316
Gigantism, 174
Glaucoma, 156
Global warming, 526 , 527TLGlomerular filtration, 116
Glomerulus, 114
Glucagon, 121 , 172, 181, 185
release of, 122
Glucocorticoids, 185
Glucose, 26, 92–93
Glucose intolerance, 123
Glutamate, 151
Glutamic acid, 27
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
SeePGAL
Glycobiology, 53
Glycogen, 26, 122
Glycolysis, 19, 64 , 65–68, 81
Goiter, 178, 179
Goldberger, Dr. Joseph, 50
Golden rice, 309–310
Gondwana, 353
Goose bumps, 109
Gorczynski, Reginald, 342
Gould, Stephen Jay, 414
Gradualism, 345 , 413
Grant, Peter, 338, 339, 402, 407
Grant, Rosemary, 338, 339, 402, 407
Grave’s disease, 178
Green Revolution, 520
Greenhouse effect, 525
Greenhouse gases, 526
Grizzly bear, 468
Growth and endocrine system, 168
Growth factors, 174
Growth rate, 474
Guanine, 27, 219
adenine, 226
cytosine, 221Habitat, 435
Habitat isolation, 399
Halons, 525
Hardy, G.H., 371
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 371 ,
377, 383
Hardy-Weinberg principle, 371
population genetics, 372–373,
374–375inv
Harvard University, 414
Hearing, 152, 158–159inv
Heart rate and endocrine system,
168
Helicases, 234
function, 239
Helper T cells, 127
Heparin, 113
Herbivores, 447
Heredity, 218
DNA, 220
evolution, 356, 364
Hershey, Alfred, 221, 223
Hershey-Chase experiment, 222
Heterozygous, 366
Histamines, 127
Histone, 229594 MHR • Index