. The authority on the Calusa is Randolph J. Widmer,The Evolution of the Calusa:
A Nonagricultural Chiefdom on the Southwest Florida Coast(Tuscaloosa: University of
Alabama Press, ), but the historian David McCally provides a perceptive brief up-
dating in ecological context inThe Everglades: An Environmental History(Gainesville:
University Press of Florida, ), –.
. See Lorenz, ‘‘Natchez of Southwest Mississippi,’’ –, esp. , –.
. Shepard Krech III,The Ecological Indian: Myth and History(New York: Norton,
), esp. –, . The following discussion of native hunting is based on Krech
unless noted otherwise.
. See Doolittle,Cultivated Landscapes, –, and Rountree,Powhatan Indians of
Virginia,.
. Paul S. Martin, ‘‘Pleistocene Overkill,’’Natural History (December ): –
(‘‘Blitzkrieg’’ appearing on ); Martin, ‘‘The Discovery of America,’’Science
(): –; but esp. Krech’s excellent summary of Martin and his critics inEcologi-
cal Indian, –. The following discussion of bison and the white-tailed deer is based
on Krech,Ecological Indianalso, – (esp. –, ) and –.
. James Merrill,The Indians’ New World: Catawbas and Their Neighbors from Euro-
pean Contact through the Era of Removal(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,
), (also quoted in Krech,Ecological Indian, ).
. Harper,Travels of William Bartram, – (quotations in order: , , –
).
. Makko Saikku, ‘‘The Evolution of a Place: An Environmental History of the
Yazoo-Mississippi Delta’’ (Ph.D. diss., University of Helsinki, ), .
. Figures from Krech,Ecological Indian, –. (The trade historian Krech cites
is Kathryn Holland Braund.)
. Native numbers, cultures, names, and identities during the pre-contact and
early contact period, ca. –, remain the difficult frontier of American studies,
but substantial progress is being made. See Daniel Usner’s importantIndians, Set-
tlers, and Slaves in a Frontier Exchange Ecology: The Lower Mississippi Valley before
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ); Patricia Galloway’s exemplary
Choctaw Genesis, –(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, ); and the sig-
nificant exploratory anthology of Charles Hudson and Carmen Chaves Tesser, eds.,The
Forgotten Centuries: Indians and Europeans in the American South, –(Athens:
University of Georgia Press, ).
. The principal authority of transcontinental pathogenic exchange is Alfred W.
Crosby. See hisThe Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of
(Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, ), and the summative chapter, ‘‘Ills,’’ in Crosby’s
Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, –(Cambridge: Cam-
bridge University Press, ), –. The following discussion of native population
estimates is derived from Krech,Ecological Indian, –.
. Krech,Ecological Indian, ; McCally,The Everglades, .
–