Genetics of Apoptosis
neither to particular cell types nor to any particular cell lineage, the bulk of apoptotic events affect neuronal cells and, to ...
The C. elegans germ line proliferates both during larval development and in adult worms. Indeed, the germ line is the only proli ...
Three distinct but related approaches have been used to quantitate programmed cell death in C. elegans. The first and most direc ...
distinguished by their location (such as at a position where no cell is normally found). To increase the reliability of the assa ...
al., 1983; Ellis and Horvitz, 1986; Desai et al., 1988; Ellis et al., 1991; Ellis and Horvitz, 1991; Hengartner et al., 1992). I ...
6. Four genes, egl-1, ced-3, ced-4, and ced-9, define a genetic pathway needed for (almost) all programmed cell deaths The origi ...
programmed cell death (Shaham and Horvitz, 1996). In addition, these studies indicated that ced-3 is likely to function downstre ...
cell-death signaling. Similarly, it has not been analyzed whether the worm homolog of mammalian AIF (apoptosis-inducing factor) ...
two proteins Bcl-2 and Apaf-1 do not directly interact in vivo (Conus et al., 2000). In addition, the order of protein function ...
transmembrane protein, and worm ced-8 does indeed localize to membranes (Stanfield and Horvitz, 2000). However, it is unclear ho ...
might act indirectly, by affecting genes that are needed for specific cells to acquire their proper developmental cell fate. Alt ...
11. Germ-line cell death The finding that programmed cell death occurs not only in the developmentally determined somatic cell l ...
checkpoint pathways, whose activation leads to a transient cell-cycle arrest and to programmed cell death (Figure 5). Interestin ...
et al., 2000). When propagated over several generations, mrt-2 homozygous worms accumulate progressively shorter telomeres, lead ...
all worm homologs of yeast checkpoint and DNA repair genes. Subsequently, all these genes were used for two-hybrid analysis to i ...
damage checkpoint pathway that already exists in yeasts and the metazoan specific apoptotic machinery. It will be of great inter ...
approximately 80% of the programmed cell deaths that normally occur still happen. When the sequence of various cell-death stages ...
et al., 2001b). Moreover, CED-1 contains a NPXY motif and a YXXL motif (Zhou et al., 2001b). These motifs are very common in the ...
signaling the presence of cell corpses to neighboring cells that might be recognized by CED-1. CED-7 is most similar to the subf ...
as a GEF (Gumienny et al., 2001). In vitro assays with purified components did not reveal an associated GEF activity. Furthermor ...
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