Advances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 107
Congenital Upper Limb Anomalies 167 Figure 2. The influence of SHH/GLI3 on digit formation. This figure illustrates the range of ...
Billy A. Watson and Kerby C. Oberg 168 restrict Hand2 expression to the posterior limb (te Welscher et al., 2002). Corresponding ...
Congenital Upper Limb Anomalies 169 haploinsufficiency, impair limb dorsalization and cause Nail-Patella Syndrome in humans (Che ...
Billy A. Watson and Kerby C. Oberg 170 Defining the Number and Identity of Digits A Turing-type model is now being used to descr ...
Congenital Upper Limb Anomalies 171 anomalies resulting from mutations/disruptions in this molecular machinery. Congenital Upper ...
Billy A. Watson and Kerby C. Oberg 172 Table 1. The OMT classification of congenital upper limb anomalies (CULA) Adopted by the ...
Congenital Upper Limb Anomalies 173 Using the OMT classification, “malformations” was found to be the most prevalent CULA catego ...
Billy A. Watson and Kerby C. Oberg 174 Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), for example, is a human metabolic disorder caused by a ...
Congenital Upper Limb Anomalies 175 mutations, particularly in the fibroblast growth factor receptor family (FGFRs) (Crow, 2000) ...
Billy A. Watson and Kerby C. Oberg 176 Ionizing Radiation Ionizing radiation can injure the developing embryo due to cell death ...
Congenital Upper Limb Anomalies 177 calcium have been associated with gestational hypertensive disorders, which can increase the ...
Billy A. Watson and Kerby C. Oberg 178 can result in intrauterine growth retardation, micromelia (shortened limbs), chorioretini ...
Congenital Upper Limb Anomalies 179 Valproic Acid (VPA) VPA is an anticonvulsant used to treat seizures and manic depression. Th ...
Billy A. Watson and Kerby C. Oberg 180 Cocaine The complications of intrauterine growth restriction and limb defects, among othe ...
Congenital Upper Limb Anomalies 181 with amniotic membrane disruption and repair, can cause intrauterine amputations or deformat ...
Billy A. Watson and Kerby C. Oberg 182 however, if an anomaly is detected, then it is likely to be confirmed postnatally indicat ...
Congenital Upper Limb Anomalies 183 fetal exfoliated squamous cells, is sampled (trans-abdominally) from the amniotic sac surrou ...
Billy A. Watson and Kerby C. Oberg 184 determining skeletal differences, but in the immature skeleton with abundant cartilage, t ...
Congenital Upper Limb Anomalies 185 from operative interventions are generally poor such as camptodactyly (Watts and Hooper, 200 ...
Billy A. Watson and Kerby C. Oberg 186 the hand and calling more attention to the abnormality. If a hand with normal appearance ...
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