Human Physiology, 14th edition (2016)

618 Chapter 17 Explain how the structure of the epithelial wall of the proximal tubule and the distribution of Na^1 /K^1 pumps ...

619 Refresh Your Memory Before you begin this chapter, you may want to review these concepts from previous chapters: ■ Divisions ...

620 18.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Within the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract, large food molecules are hydrolyze ...

The Digestive System 621 Storage and elimination. This refers to the temporary storage and subsequent elimination of indigestib ...

622 Chapter 18 and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle. Contrac- tions of these layers move the food through the tract ...

The Digestive System 623 Mastication (chewing) of food mixes it with saliva, secreted by the salivary glands. In addition to muc ...

624 Chapter 18 inhalation there is greater pressure in the abdominal cavity than in the thoracic cavity that promotes regurgitat ...

The Digestive System 625 4. enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, found in the stomach and intestine, which secrete histamine and 5 ...

626 Chapter 18 Cl– Cl– K+ K+ H+ H+ H+ Primary active transport (ATPase carrier) Facilitative diffusion Parietal cell Lumen of st ...

The Digestive System 627 damage is a stable gel of mucus that is adherent (stuck) to the gastric epithelial surface. This adhere ...

628 Chapter 18 can damage the gastric mucosa because NSAIDs inhibit pros- taglandin synthesis, and prostaglandins contribute to ...

The Digestive System 629 area is further increased by microscopic folds of mucosa called villi, and by foldings of the apical pl ...

630 Chapter 18 and are shed into the lumen. In this way, the intestinal epithe- lium is renewed every five to seven days. Microv ...

The Digestive System 631 bolus. Nevertheless, intestinal motility is slow, as required for proper absorption of nutrients. The m ...

632 Chapter 18 postganglionic axons and acting through muscarinic receptors, increases the amplitude and duration of the slow wa ...

The Digestive System 633 Intestinal Microbiota Microorganisms, primarily bacteria, are present in relatively small numbers in th ...

634 Chapter 18 evidence in humans suggest that the nature of the intestinal microbiota contributes to obesity and perhaps to dia ...

The Digestive System 635 Fluid and Electrolyte Absorption in the Intestine The GI tract receives about 1.5 L per day of water fr ...

636 Chapter 18 The liver is positioned immediately beneath the diaphragm in the abdominal cavity. It is the largest internal org ...

The Digestive System 637 CLINICAL APPLICATION Cirrhosis occurs when liver lobules are destroyed and replaced by fibrotic scar ti ...