Human Physiology, 14th edition (2016)

98 Chapter 4 law) must still be present in the chemical bonds of glucose (first law). It also follows that when the chemical bon ...

Enzymes and Energy 99 Figure 4.13 A comparison of combustion and cell respiration. Because glucose contains more energy than six ...

100 Chapter 4 a particular atom or molecule can play both roles; it may func- tion as an oxidizing agent in one reaction and as ...

Enzymes and Energy 101 therefore indicated by NADH  1  H^1 (the H^1 represents a free proton). When the reduced forms of these t ...

102 Chapter 4 | CHECKPOINT 6a. Describe the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Use these laws to explain why the chemical ...

Enzymes and Energy 103 Some enzymes are produced as inactive forms that are later activated within the cell. a. Activation may ...

104 Chapter 4 Test Your Knowledge Which of these statements about enzymes is true? a. Most proteins are enzymes. b. Most enzym ...

Enzymes and Energy 105 What two pH values produce half-maximal activity of salivary amylase? What two pH values produce half-ma ...

106 Refresh Your Memory Before you begin this chapter, you may want to review these concepts from previous chapters: ■ Carbohydr ...

Cell Respiration and Metabolism 107 5.1 Glycolysis and the Lactic Acid Pathway In cellular respiration, energy is released by th ...

108 Chapter 5 Each pyruvic acid molecule contains 3 carbons, 3 oxygens, and 4 hydrogens (see fig. 5.4 ). The number of carbon an ...

Cell Respiration and Metabolism 109 atoms to pyruvic acid, which is thus reduced. This addition of 2 hydrogen atoms to pyruvic a ...

110 Chapter 5 Red blood cells lack mitochondria and so can metabolize only anaerobically; they cannot use the oxygen they carry. ...

Cell Respiration and Metabolism 111 The aerobic respiration of glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) is given in the following overall equatio ...

112 Chapter 5 The production of NADH and FADH 2 by each “turn” of the citric acid cycle is far more significant, in terms of ene ...

Cell Respiration and Metabolism 113 space for every pair of electrons moved along the electron- transport system. The second pum ...

114 Chapter 5 H^1 that drives the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP ( fig.  5.9 ). In this way, phosphorylation (ADP  1  P i → ATP) ...

Cell Respiration and Metabolism 115 ATP Balance Sheet Overview There are two different methods of ATP formation in cell res- pir ...

116 Chapter 5 1 FADH 2 and we get two citric acid cycles from 1 glucose, so there are 2 FADH 2 that give 2 3 1.5 ATP 5 3 AT P. T ...

Cell Respiration and Metabolism 117 Cells cannot accumulate very many separate glucose molecules, because an abundance of these ...