I-2 Indexmetabolism of, 122–123, 122–124f
monoamines derived from, 191
as neurotransmitters, 194–195, 196t
nonessential, 122, 122t
normal range in blood, 6t
oxidative deamination, 123, 123f
transamination, 122–123, 122f
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes, 68–69
Amino functional groups, 41
Aminopeptidase, 652
Amiodarone, 426
Ammonia, 27f, 123, 610, 640–641
Ammonium hydroxide, 29t
Ammonium ion, 610
Amnesia, 220
Amniocentesis, 742
Amnion, 741f, 742, 742f
Amniotic cavity, 741
Amniotic fluid, 742
Amniotic sac, 742
Amoeboid movement, 54, 57
Amoxicillin, 628
AMPA receptors, 194, 200, 222
Amphetamines, 194, 229, 232, 251
Amphipathic molecules, 39
Ampulla, 280, 643, 746
Amputation, phantom pain after, 272
Amygdala, 219, 220, 221, 224
Amylase
pancreatic, 643, 649, 650
reactions catalyzed by, 91t
salivary, 93, 93f, 93 t, 650
Amyloid beta, 222
Amyloid precursor protein (APP), 222
Amyloid senile plaques, 221
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 200, 385
Anabolic reactions (anabolism)
anabolic steroids and, 714
balance with catabolism, 675, 675f, 687
explanation of, 107
growth hormone and, 688
insulin and, 679
nutritional requirements for, 664–666
thyroxine and, 686–687
Anabolic requirements, 664–666
Anabolic steroids, 322, 714
Anabolism. See Anabolic reactions
Anaerobic cell respiration, 109–110
Anaerobic (lactate) threshold, 379
Anaerobic metabolism, 109–110
Anal canal, 633
Anandamide, 197
Anaphase of cell cycle, 76, 77f, 79, 80f, 81 t
Anaphylactic shock, 486
ANAs (antinuclear antibodies), 523
Anastomoses, arteriovenous, 432, 432f,
474, 475f
Anatomical dead space, 543–544, 544t
Androgen-binding protein (ABP), 717
Androgens
actions of, 714–715, 715t
in embryonic development, 705
exogenous, 322
in placenta, 744, 744f
secretion of, 40, 349, 705
Androstenedione, 734
Anemia
aplastic, 78, 408
iron-deficiency, 408
oxygen content and, 560, 563Alcohol dehydrogenase, 61
Alcoholic fatty liver disease, 637
Alcoholic hepatitis, 637
Aldactazide, 612
Aldactone (spironolactone), 612
Aldehyde, 32f
Aldolase, 91t
Aldosterone, 40, 337, 461, 604–606, 605f, 608 t
Aldosteronism, primary, 608
Alimentary canal. See Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Alkaline (basic) solutions, 29, 30
Alkaline phosphatase, 91t, 93
Alkalosis, 30, 568–569, 568–569t
Alleles, 703
Allergens, 523, 524–526, 525f, 545
Allergic contact dermatitis, 526
Allergic rhinitis, 523
Allergies, 523–526, 523t, 524–525f
Allogeneic transplants, 411
All-or-none law of action potentials, 176, 176f
Allosteric inhibition, 95
Alpha agonists, 255
Alpha cells, 345–346, 346f, 677, 678
Alpha chains, 559
Alpha-fetoprotein, 519
Alpha-1 globulin, 504
Alpha-2 globulin, 504
Alpha globulins, 407
Alpha helix, of proteins, 43
Alpha interferons, 497
Alpha linolenic acid, 666
Alpha motoneurons, 387, 388
Alpha thalassemia, 564
Alpha waves, 214, 214f
Alport syndrome, 15, 587
ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), 200, 385
ALT (alanine transaminase), 123
Alteplase, 417
Alternative pathway, 506
Alternative splicing, 66–67
Altitude, impact on ventilation, 571–573, 571t, 573 f,
573 t
Alveolar cells, 533–534, 533f
Alveolar ventilation, 544t
Alveoli
mammary gland, 746, 747f
pulmonary, 533–534, 533–534f
Alzheimer’s disease
brain lesions in, 222
cellular proteins and, 54
characteristics of, 221–222
excitotoxicity in, 200
inflammation and, 502
matrix metalloproteinases in, 132
oxidative stress and, 669
sporadic, 222
treatment, 189
Amacrine cells, 298
Ambien, 232
Ambrosia spp., 524, 525f
AMD (age-related macular degeneration), 305, 435
Amenorrhea, 712, 732, 733
American Heart Association (AHA), 37, 439
Amines, 196t, 319
Amino acids
bonds formed by, 41–42, 42f
characteristics of, 41, 41f
essential, 122, 122t, 666
genetic translation and, 68–69
inborn errors of metabolism, 97tAdrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)—Cont.
as neurotransmitter, 196t
secretion of, 332t, 333–335, 334f, 335 t
stress and, 340
structure of, 319t
suppression of, 340
target organs of, 332t, 334 f
Adrenoleukodystrophy, 95
Adrian, Edgar, 5t
Adult hemoglobin, 563
Adult stem cells, 19–20, 64, 739
Aerobic capacity, 378
Aerobic cell respiration, 107, 108f, 111–116
Afferent arterioles, 585–586, 585f, 588–589,
588–589f
Afferent neurons. See Sensory neurons
Afterbirth, 746
After-hyperpolarization, 175
Afterload, 452
Age and aging
body growth and, 711, 711f
cancer and, 521
cardiac rate and, 472, 472t
cell division decrease as sign of, 78
hearing and, 289
osteoporosis and, 692
puberty and, 711
sympathetic nervous system and, 261
testosterone secretion and, 714
vision changes and, 295–296, 305
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 305, 435
Agglutination, in antigen-antibody reaction, 412,
413 f, 498, 499f
Agglutinins, 412
Agglutinogens, 412
Aggression, cerebral areas related to, 219
Agonist muscles, 360
Agonists, in neurotransmission, 185
Agouti-related protein, 672
Agranular leukocytes, 408, 410
Agranular (smooth) endoplasmic reticulum, 60, 61
AHA (American Heart Association), 37, 439
AIDS. See HIV/AIDS
Air-blood barrier, 533–534
Air flow. See Ventilation (breathing)
Air pollution, 544
Air spaces, 544t
Air temperature, in respiration, 536
Air trapping, 545
Airways, 544t
Akinesia, 391
Alanine, 122f, 122 t, 123
Alanine transaminase (ALT), 123
Alarm reaction, 340
Albinism, 96, 97t, 292
Albumin
edema and, 138
egg, protein denaturation in, 43
functions of, 641
glomerular filtration of, 588
in plasma, 138, 407
production of, 641
urinary excretion rate for, 613
Albuterol, 255, 256t, 545
Alcaptonuria, 96f
Alcohol
abuse of, 637
functional groups of, 31, 32f
mechanism of action, 228
tolerance to, 61fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 2fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 2 2/4/15 10:31 AM2/4/15 10:31 AM