Index I-11structure of, 89
temperature, effect on, 92, 92f
turnover of, 94
Enzyme-substrate complex, 91
Eosin, 408
Eosinophils, 408
EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), 666
Ependymal cells, 166, 166f, 167 t
Epidermal growth factor (EGF), 329, 351
Epidermis, 14, 18
Epididymis, 706, 718
Epigenetic inheritance, 79, 81, 703
Epilepsy, 214, 216
Epimysium, 360
Epinephrine
for asthma, 524, 545
in autonomic nervous system, 247, 251–252
cardiac contraction strength and, 392, 454, 454f
cardiac rate and, 452
in cell signaling, 155
glucose and, 679
as hormone, 191
metabolic regulation by, 686, 687f
receptors for, 155, 256t
second messenger systems for, 328–329, 329f
secretion of, 247, 252, 339
as vasoconstrictor, 466
Epiphysis. See Pineal gland
Episodic memory, 220, 221, 221t
Epithalamus, 226
Epithelial membranes, 12–15, 13–14f, 13 t, 147–148,
147–148f
Epithelial tissue, 12–16, 13–16f, 13 t
Epithelium, 12, 13–14f, 13–14t, 14, 298–299, 300
Epitopes, 498
EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials), 183, 184f,
185, 187t, 190, 190f, 201
Epstein-Barr virus, 519
Equilibrium
neural pathways of, 281–282, 282f
vestibular apparatus and, 278–282, 279–282f
Equilibrium potentials, 150–151, 150f
Erasistratus, 4
Erectile dysfunction, 721
Erection, 198, 258, 719–720, 720f
ER (endoplasmic reticulum), 52t, 60–61, 60f, 70, 71f
Erythroblastosis fetalis, 414
Erythroblasts, 410
Erythrocytes, 140, 141f, 405, 407–408, 408f, 572–573
Erythropoiesis, 409–410, 411–412, 411f
Erythropoietin, 410, 411, 560
Esophageal adenocarcinoma, 627
Esophageal cancer, 75, 624
Esophageal hiatus, 624
Esophageal phase, of swallowing, 623–624
Esophageal sphincter, lower, 624
Esophageal strictures, 627
Esophagus, 14, 621, 624, 624f
Essential amino acids, 122, 122t, 666
Essential fatty acids, 666
Essential hypertension, 482–483
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), 600
Estradiol
in male reproductive system, 714, 715
in menopause, 734
in menstrual cycle, 336, 728–731, 729f
in ovulation, 727
puberty and, 711
secretion of, 349
structure of, 40, 40fEndomysium, 361
Endopeptidases, 652, 652f
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 52t, 60–61, 60f, 70, 71f
b-Endorphin, 197
Endosomes, 62
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), 466–467
Endothelin-1, 350, 467
Endothelins, 350
Endothelium, of blood vessels, 431
Endothelium-derived relaxation factor, 350
Endotoxin, 486, 497, 510
End piece, of spermatozoa, 716
End-plate potentials, 190, 363, 372
End-product inhibition, 95, 96f
End-systolic volume, 423
Endurance training
cardiovascular adaptations, 470–472, 472f, 473 t
lactate threshold in, 570–571
muscle adaptations, 382–384, 383t
Energy. See also Metabolism
activation of, 89
conservation of, 97
diversity in sources of, 123, 125, 125t
explanation of, 97
free energy, 98
pathways of, 669, 670f
regulation of, 677–680
release of, 98, 99f
requirements of, 125t
reserves of, 669
for skeletal muscles, 123, 125t, 377–384
sources of, 123, 125, 125t, 669
universal carriers of, 99, 100f
Energy balance, 664
Enkephalins, 197
eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase), 466–467
Enteric nervous system, 622, 648
Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, 625
Enterocytes, 412
Enterogastrone, 647
Enterohepatic circulation, 638, 638f
Enterokinase, 631
Enterotoxins, 635
Entropy, 98
Enzyme replacement therapy, 93
Enzymes
activation of, 94
active site of, 89
brush border, 630, 631t
as catalysts, 89–91
cofactors and coenzymes, 93–94, 93f
concentrations of, 94
conformation of, 89
control of activity of, 92–96
diagnostic value of, 91, 91t
in digestive system, 93
function of, 44
intestinal, 630–631, 630f, 630 t
in liver, 94
mechanism of action, 89–91, 90f
metabolic pathways and, 95–96, 95–96f
naming of, 91
in pancreas, 94, 642–643, 643f, 643 t
in peroxisomes, 58
pH, effect on, 92–93, 93f, 93 t
in phagocytosis, 496, 496f
as proteins, 44, 71–72, 89
regulation of, 92–96
saturation of, 94, 94f
specificity of, 89, 90fElectrolyte balance, 604–606, 605f
Electromagnetic spectrum, 290, 290f
Electromechanical release mechanism, 373
Electron acceptors, final, 107, 114–115
Electronegative atoms, 28
Electrons, 25–26
Electron-transport system, 107, 112–116, 114–115f
Electrophoresis, 504
Elements. See Chemical elements; Minerals
Elephantiasis, 443, 459, 459f
Elimination, in digestive system, 621
Embryonic development
of central nervous system, 207–208, 208f
gene silencing in, 79, 81
germ layers in, 738
of reproductive system, 706–707
of skeletal muscle, 11
Embryonic stem cells, 19, 64, 738–740
Emission, 720–721
Emmetropia, 297f
Emotion
cerebral areas of, 219–220, 219f, 224–225, 225f
cutaneous blood flow and, 475
limbic system and, 219–220
memory and, 220, 224–225
olfaction and, 278
Emphysema, 545, 546, 546f
Emulsification, 652
Enalapril, 462
Enamel, 18, 18f
Enantiomers, 32, 32f
Encephalomyelitis, 522t
ENCODE project, 63
End-diastolic volume (EDV), 423, 452
Endemic goiter, 343, 343f
Endergonic reactions, 98, 99f
End-feet, of astrocytes, 170, 170f
Endocannabinoids, 196t, 197–198, 224
Endocarditis, rheumatic, 420–421
Endocrine glands, 316–354. See also Hormones;
specific glands
adrenal, 40, 247, 337–341, 666
formatio of, 15f
of gastrointestinal tract, 349
gonads and placenta, 349
overview, 317, 317f, 318 t
pancreas, 345–346, 346f
paracrine and autocrine regulators, 349–352, 350t
parathyroid, 318t, 344, 345f
pineal, 226, 228, 318t, 346–348, 348f, 712
pituitary, 331–337. See also Pituitary gland
secretions of, 12, 15
thyroid, 318t, 341–342f, 341–343
Endocrine signaling, 154
Endocrine system
autonomic nervous system and, 245
cell concepts related to, 83
functions of, 20t
homeostatis regulation by, 8–9
membrane transport in, 157
metabolism in, 126
neural regulation of, 321
reproductive system, regulation of, 708–712
Endocytosis, 54–55, 55f, 149, 149f
Endoderm, 19
Endogenous opioids, 196–197, 196t
Endogenous pyrogens, 497
Endolymph, 279, 287–288
Endometriosis, 352, 710
Endometrium, 671, 723, 729, 731–732fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 11fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 11 2/4/15 10:31 AM2/4/15 10:31 AM