Human Physiology, 14th edition (2016)

I-10 Index

E

Eardrum (tympanic membrane), 283

Ears, 282–290. See also Hearing

cochlea, 278–279, 279f, 284–286, 285f, 288

inner, 279, 279f, 283 f

middle, 283–284, 283–284f

outer, 283, 283f

spiral organ (organ of Corti), 286–288, 287f

Eating disorders, 671. See also Appetite; Food

Eccentric contractions, 376

Eccles, John, 5t

Eccrine sweat glands, 15

ECG (electrocardiogram), 152, 424, 428–430,

429–431f, 430 t, 440

Eclampsia, 484

ECL (enterochromaffin-like) cells, 625

ECS (electroconvulsive shock) therapy, 220

Ectoderm, 19, 207

Ectopic pacemakers, 426, 440

Edema

altitude and, 572

cerebral, 141

diuretics and, 611

etiology of, 138, 458, 459t

explanation of, 457

pulmonary, 551, 572

EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), 418

EDV (end-diastolic volume), 423, 452

EEG (electroencephalogram), 213–214, 213t, 214 f, 261

Effector cells, 180, 511

Effector organs, visceral, 244, 245

Effector proteins, 155

Effectors

antagonistic, 7

in negative feedback loops, 6–7

in positive feedback loops, 8

Effector T cells, 511

Efferent arterioles, 585f, 586, 588–589f

Efferent neurons. See Motor neurons

EGF (epidermal growth factor), 329, 351

eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate), 600

Eicosanoids, 351

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 666

Einstein, Albert, 6

Ejaculation, 720–721

Ejaculatory duct, 706, 719

Ejection fraction, 453, 472

EKG (electrocardiogram), 152, 424, 428–430,

429–431f, 430 t, 440

Elastase, 651

Elastic arteries, 431–432

Elasticity, of lungs, 538

Elasticity, of skeletal muscles, 376

Elastin, 132, 431

Electrical activity

of axons, 172–180

of brain, 213–214, 214f

of heart, 425–431

in photoreceptors, 300–301, 301f, 302 f

of small intestine, 631–632, 632f

Electrical defibrillation, 441

Electrical synapses, 181

Electrocardiogram (ECG), 152, 424, 428–430, 429–

431 f, 430 t, 440

Electrocardiograph, 428

Electrochemical gradient, 172, 173

Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) therapy, 220

Electroencephalogram (EEG), 213–214, 213t, 214 f, 261

Electrogenic effect, 153

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

binding domain, 324

helicases, 73

methylation, 81

polymerases, 73

replication of, 72–74, 73–74f

structure of, 44–46, 45–46f, 63–64

DNA-directed RNA synthesis, 65

Dobutamine, 256t

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 666

Dominance, cerebral, 217

Dominant retinitis pigmentosa, 300

DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine), 96, 96f

Dopamine

blood-brain barrier and, 171

mesolimbic system of, 193, 228, 229f

in motor circuit, 216, 216f

as neurotransmitter, 191, 192–193, 196t

nigrostriatal system of, 193, 216, 228, 229f

in Parkinson’s disease, 171, 216, 391

receptors for, 192–193

Dopaminergic neurons, 192, 229, 229f

Dorsal horns, 232

Dorsal respiratory group, 554

Dorsal root, 238

Dorsal root ganglion, 238, 238f, 385

Dorsal roots, of spinal nerves, 385

Double covalent bonds, 30, 31f

Double helix, of DNA, 45, 46f

Double reciprocal innervation, 390

Double-stranded DNA molecule, 45

Downregulation, 322

DPG (2,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid), 563, 563f

Dreams, 214

Drugs. See also specific drugs

abused, 228

addictive, 193, 229–230

development process, 4

interactions, 641

skeletal muscles, impact on neural control of,

185, 187t

teratogenic effects of, 33

tolerance to, 61

tubular secretion of, 599–600

Drusen, 305

DSI (depolarization-induced suppression of

inhibition), 197, 200

D-tubocurarine, 256t

Dual innervation, 258–260, 259t

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), 54, 360

Ducts, 15. See also specific ducts

Ductus arteriosus, 352, 422, 422f

Ductus (vas) deferens, 706, 718

Duodenal ulcers, 627–628

Duodenum, 629, 647, 648, 651

Dura mater, 208

Dust mites, 524–525, 525f

Dwarfism, 332, 343, 689

Dyazide, 612

Dynactin, 165

Dynamic constancy, 7

Dyneins, 57, 165

Dynorphin, 197

Dyrenium (triamterene), 612

Dyskinesia, 216

Dyslipidemia, 672

Dysmenorrhea, 732

Dyspnea, 544, 544t, 607

Dysreflexia, autonomic, 260

Dystrophin, 54, 360

Digestion

of carbohydrates, 650–651

enzymes in, 620, 651t

explanation of, 620

hydrolysis reactions in, 620, 621f

of lipids, 652–654

of proteins, 651–652, 652f

Digestion reactions, 34

Digestive system, 619–656. See also Gastrointestinal

(GI) tract

cell concepts related to, 83

enzymes in, 93

esophagus, 14, 621, 624, 624f

functions of, 20t, 620–621

gallbladder, 621, 641–643, 642f

large intestine, 621, 632–636, 633–634f

liver. See Liver

membrane transport in, 157

metabolism in, 126

mouth stomach, 623–628

pancreas, 345–346, 346f, 621, 642–643f, 643–644,

644 t

prostaglandin actions in, 352

regulation of, 645–650

small intestine, 318t, 621, 628–632, 629–632f

stomach, 318t, 621, 625–628, 625f

structure of, 620–621, 622f

Digitalis, 427

Digoxin (Lanoxin), 427

Dihydropyridine (DHP) receptors, 372–373

Dihydropyridines, 397

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 706, 708f

Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), 96, 96f

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 , 693–695, 694f

Diiodotyrosine (DIT), 342

Diltiazem (Cardizem), 397, 426

Dimerization, 324

Dioxin, 641

Dipeptides, 41

2,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG),

563, 563f

Diphtheria, 6

Diploid cells, 703

Dipyridamole, 414

Direction-selective ganglion cells, 308

Direct phosphorylation, 115

Disaccharides, 34, 35f

Discontinuous capillaries, 433, 434

Discs, of rods and cones, 298, 299f

D-isomers, 32, 32f

Dissected aorta, 432

Dissolved oxygen, 548

Distal convoluted tubule, 586, 605

Disulfide bonds, 43

Disuse atrophy, 384

Disynaptic reflex, 389

DIT (diiodotyrosine), 342

Diuresis, 462

Diuretics

electrolyte balance and, 606

loop, 611t, 612

osmotic, 611t, 612

potassium-sparing, 611t, 612

sites of action, 611, 612f

thiazide, 611t, 612

water as, 460

Divergence, of neural pathways, 199, 246–247

Diverticulitis, 633

Dizygotic twins, 736

DMD (Duchenne muscular dystrophy), 54, 360

fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 10fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 10 2/4/15 10:31 AM2/4/15 10:31 AM