I-12 Indexin triglycerides, 36, 38f
unsaturated, 36, 37f
Fatty liver (steatosis), 636
Fatty streaks, 436
FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 4, 37, 497
Fear, cerebral areas related to, 219
Fecal microbiota transplantation, 635
Feedback control, 6–8, 6–10f, 9, 174, 175
in anterior pituitary gland, 335–336, 336f
in blood pressure, 9, 9f
in body temperature, 7, 7f
in clotting, 8
in glucose, 9, 10f
in hormone secretion, 9
in insulin, 7
negative, 6–8, 6–10f, 9, 175
in pituitary gland, 335–336, 336f
positive, 8, 174, 593
in temperature, 92, 92f
Feeding center, 219
Female reproductive system
accessory organs of, 705–706, 723–724, 724f
autonomic regulation of, 258
cilia in, 55
components of, 723–724, 723–724f
exocrine glands of, 16
hormones of, 349
menstrual cycle in, 728–734, 729–731f, 732 t
ovarian cycle in, 724–725
ovulation in, 725–727, 726f, 729–730
positive feedback in, 8
prostaglandins in, 352
Feminization syndrome, testicular, 707
Fenestrae, 587, 636
Fenestrated capillaries, 433–434
Fenestrated endothelium, 587
Fermentation, 89, 109
Ferroportin channels, 412
Fertility, male, 721–722
Fertilization, 702, 735–737, 735–737f
Fetal adrenal zone, 746
Fetal hemoglobin, 563
Fetal-placental unit, 744, 744f
Fetus
adipose tissue development in, 670
adrenal zone of, 746
central nervous system development in,
207–208, 208f
circulation in, 422, 550–551
hemoglobin in, 563
immune system in, 518
noninvasive sex determination in, 742
reproductive system development in, 704–706,
704 f, 706–707f, 708 t
vascular resistance in, 550–551
Fever, 497
FEV (forced expiratory volume), 544, 544f
FGF (fibroblast growth factor), 435
Fibrates, 438
Fibrillation, 440–441
Fibrin, 407, 414–416
Fibrinogen, 407, 414, 416
Fibrin stabilizing factor, 416t
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 435
Fibroblast transdifferentiation, 740
Fibroids, uterine, 723
Fibrosis
cystic, 54, 136
pulmonary, 538, 546
Fibrous plaques, 437Explicit (declarative) memory, 220, 221t
Extensor muscles, 360
External auditory meatus, 283
External genitalia, 706, 707f
External intercostal muscles, 541
External respiration, 533
External urethral sphincter, 584
Exteroceptors, 268, 274
Extracellular compartment, 20–21, 25, 131, 456, 456f
Extracellular environment, 131–133, 131f
Extracellular matrix, 54, 132, 442
Extrafusal fibers, 386
Extrapyramidal tracts, 233, 235, 390
Extravasation, 408, 496, 496f
Extrinsic afferents, 648
Extrinsic eye muscles, 306
Extrinsic pathway, in blood clotting, 415,
416–417, 416f
Extrinsic regulatory mechanisms, 8, 465–466
Eye movements, 306–307
Eye muscles, extrinsic, 306
Eyes. See also Retina; Vision
accommodation by, 295–296, 295–296f
neural control of movements of, 306–307
refraction, 294, 294–295f
structures of, 290–294, 291f, 291 tF
Fabricius, bursa of. See B lymphocytes
Facial nerves, 230, 237t, 248, 274
Facilitated diffusion, 132, 143–144, 143–144f
F-actin, 370
FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), 100–101,
101 f, 112
Fallopian tubes, 705, 723
Familial ALS, 385
Familial hypercholesteremia, 437
Farsightedness. See Hyperopia
Fascicles, 360
Fasciculus cuneatus tract, 233t
Fasciculus gracilis tract, 233t
FAS ligand, 75, 514, 520, 717
FASL ligand, 75
FAS surface receptor, 512, 514
Fast component, in axonal transport, 164
Fast glycolytic fibers, 380–381
Fasting blood values, 6, 6t
Fasting state, 675, 680, 680f
Fast oxidative fibers, 380
Fast-twitch fibers, 380–381, 381–382f, 381 t
Fatigue
muscle, 381–382
Fats. See Lipids
Fat-soluble vitamins, 666–668
Fatty acids
cis, 37, 37f
digestion of, 652–653
as energy carriers, 120–121
as energy source, 123, 125t, 669
essential, 666
exercise and, 378–379, 378f, 383
formation of, 119–120
free, 38, 120
b-oxidation of, 120, 121f
production of, 119–120, 120f
saturated, 36, 37, 37f
short-chain, 634
trans, 37, 37fEstradiol-17b, 319f, 349, 711
Estriol, 349
Estrogen replacement therapy, 693
Estrogens
in bone physiology, 692
coactivators and corepressors for, 325
lactation and, 746
in male reproductive system, 714, 715, 718
in menopause, 734
in menstrual cycle, 349, 728–731, 729f
for osteoporosis, 693
permissive effects of, 321
in placenta, 744, 744f
pubety and, 711
receptors for, 325
secretion of, 349
synergistic effects of, 321
Estrone, 349
Ethacrynic acid, 612
Ethane, 31f
Ethanol. See Alcohol
Ethylene, 31f
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 418
Euchromatin, 64
Euphoria, opioids and, 197
Eupnea, 544t
Eustachian tube, 284
Evista (roloxifene), 693
Evoked activity, 214
Excitability, of neurons, 172
Excitation-contraction coupling
of heart muscle, 427–428
of skeletal muscles, 371–373, 372–373f
of smooth muscles, 393, 393f, 395–396, 396f
Excitation phase, of sexual response, 712
Excitatory neurotransmitters, 194–195
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), 183,
184 f, 185, 187t, 190, 190f, 201
Excitotoxicity, 200, 440
Excretion
circulatory system in, 405
by liver, 638, 638t, 639
Executions, lethal injections for, 152
Exercise
blood flow during, 470–472, 470t, 471–472f, 473 t
cardiac output during, 451, 470–472
endurance training, 570–571
energy consumption in, 663t, 664
hydration during, 461
lactic acid production during, 118, 125
muscle metabolism during, 378–379, 378–379f
proper diet and, 439
skeletal muscles adaptations to, 382–384, 383t
ventilation during, 570–571, 570f, 571 t
Exercise-induced euphoria, 197
Exergonic reactions, 98, 99f
Exfoliative cytology, 15
Exhalation (expiration), 541–542, 541f, 542 t
Exhaustion stage, in stress response, 340
Exocrine glands, 12, 15–16, 15–16f. See also specific
glands
Exocytosis, 55, 148, 149, 149f, 182
Exogenous glucocorticoids, 340
Exogenous opioids, 197
Exons, 66–67
Exopeptidases, 652, 652f
Exophthalmos, 344, 344f
Experimental groups, 3
Expiration (exhalation), 541–542, 541f, 542 t
Expiratory reserve volume, 542, 542tfox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 12fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 12 2/4/15 10:31 AM2/4/15 10:31 AM