I-16 Indexpulmonary, 573
renal insufficiency and, 613
secondary, 482, 483t
treatment of, 255, 397, 462, 484, 611
Hypertensive crisis, 192
Hyperthyroidism, 344, 344t, 687, 693
Hypertonic solutions, 140, 141f
Hypertrophy, 78, 384, 484
Hyperventilation, 544t, 569
Hypnotic drugs, 232
Hypocalcemia, 692
Hypocapnia, 556, 557
Hypocretin-1, 232
Hypodermis, 18
Hypoglossal nerve, 237t
Hypoglycemia, 144, 685
Hypokalemia, 152, 606
Hypo-osmotic solutions, 140
Hypophagia, 672
Hypophysis. See Pituitary gland
Hypopolarization. See Depolarization
Hypotension, 478, 510
Hypothalamic area, lateral, 231–232
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system, 227,
333, 335
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract, 227, 333, 333f
Hypothalamus
arcuate nucleus of, 672
in autonomic regulation, 226–227, 260–261
in body temperature regulation, 226–227, 497, 662
in circadian rhythm regulation, 227–228
in emotion, 219–220, 226
in fear, 219
feeding center of, 219
goal-directed behavior and, 219–220
gonads and, 336f, 337, 710–711, 710f
in hunger regulation, 671–674
location of, 226
in osmolality regulation, 141–142, 141f
osmoreceptors of, 460
pituitary gland and, 227, 333–337, 710
puberty and, 710–711
sex drive and, 219, 226
thirst centers in, 226, 460, 461
Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis, 336, 336f
Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, 336, 336f
Hypothermia, 662
Hypothermic circulatory arrest, 662
Hypotheses, 2–3
Hypothyroidism, 343, 344t, 687
Hypotonic solutions, 140, 141f
Hypoventilation, 544t, 569
Hypovolemia, 610
Hypovolemic shock, 484, 486
Hypoxemia, 510, 557
Hypoxia, 571
Hypoxic drive, 557
Hypoxic ventilatory response, 572
Hysterectomy, 723I
I bands, 361, 364, 365, 367
IBD (inflammatory bowel disease), 635
IBS (irritable bowel syndrome), 635
Ibuprofen, 352
ICC (interstitial cells of Cajal), 632
ICSH (interstitial cell stimulating hormone), 332
ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection), 736Human life cycle, 702, 702f
Human papillomavirus (HPV), 497, 519
Humidification, in respiratory system, 536
Humoral immunity, 499
Humoral mechanisms, of breathing and exercise, 570
Hunger, regulation of, 672–674, 674f
Huntingtin gene, 68, 195
Huntington’s disease, 68, 195, 216, 220
Huxley, Andrew, 5t
Huxley, Hugh, 5t
Hybridoma, 518
Hydration, during exercise, 461
Hydration spheres, 28, 28f
Hydrocarbons, 30–31, 31f
Hydrochloric acid, 29t, 624, 626–628
Hydrochlorothiazide, 612
Hydrocortisone. See Cortisol
Hydrogen
carriers of, 100–101, 101f
in organic molecules, 29, 30–31
in oxidation-reduction reactions, 99–101
structure of, 25t, 26, 26f
Hydrogen bonds, 28–29, 29f
Hydrogen carriers, 100
Hydrogen peroxide, 58
Hydrogen-potassium ATPase pumps, 626
Hydrogen sulfide, 198
Hydrolases, 91
Hydrolysis
of carbohydrates, 34–36, 35f, 651
in digestion, 620–621, 621f, 650
of lipids, 36, 119, 120–121, 346, 652–654
of starch, 36, 36f
Hydronium ions, 29
Hydrophilic molecules, 28
Hydrophobic molecules, 28
Hydrostatic pressure, 457, 588
Hydroxide ions, 29
Hydroxyapatite, 690
b-hydroxybutyric acid, 38, 121
Hydroxylation, 641
Hydroxyl groups, 31, 32f
Hydroxyl radicals, 668
5-Hydroxytryptamine. See Serotonin
Hydroxyurea, 564
Hymen, 707f, 724 f
Hyperactivation, of sperm flagella, 735
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), 553
Hypercapnia, 556
Hypercholesteremia, 97t, 437
Hypercomplex cortical neurons, 308
Hyperemia, 468, 474
Hyperglycemia, 143, 346, 604, 681
Hyperkalemia, 152, 606
Hypermutation, somatic, 505, 512, 516, 521
Hyperopia, 296, 297, 297f
Hyperphagia, 672
Hyperplasia, 78, 719
Hyperpnea, 570
Hyperpolarization, 172f, 173, 183, 188, 200, 425
Hyper-responsiveness, of airways, 545
Hypersensitivity, denervation, 245
Hypersensitivity reactions, 523–526, 523t, 524–525f
Hypertension
cardiac output and, 483–484
in diabetes mellitus, 672
etiology of, 482–484, 483t
in metabolic syndrome, 120
in pregnancy, 484
primary, 482–483Histamine—Cont.
release of, 507
secretion of, 625, 646
in sleep, 214
Histamine receptor (H 2 ) inhibitors, 627, 628
Histidine, 122t
Histocompatibility antigens, 511
Histology, 10
Histones, 64, 81
HIV/AIDS, 55, 68, 497, 498f, 509
Hives, 523
HLAs (human leukocyte antigens), 511
HMG-coenzyme A reductase, 438
Hodgkin, Alan, 5t
Homeostasis
explanation of, 5
hormone secretion and, 9
negative feedback loops and, 6–8, 6–10f, 9
neural and endocrine regulation of, 8–9
positive feedback and, 8
Homocystinuria, 97t
Homodimer, 324
Homologous chromosomes, 78–79, 79f, 702–703
Homologous structures, 706
Horizontal cells, 298
Hormone-response elements, 324
Hormones. See also specific hormones
adipose tissue and, 670
antagonistic effects of, 321
chemical classification of, 318–320
concentrations, effects on tissue response, 321–322
desensitization to, 322
endocrine system regulation by, 8, 154
explanation of, 317
feedback control of secretion of, 9
gastrointestinal, 645, 646t, 650
half-life of, 321
inhibiting, 227, 335
interactions among, 321
mechanisms of action, 323–331, 323f
in menstrual cycle, 336, 337, 349, 728–731, 729f
metabolic regulation by, 675f, 676, 676t, 676 f,
686–690
permissive effects of, 321
of pituitary gland, 331–333, 332t
placental, 743–744, 744t
polarity of, 320
prohormones and prehormones, 320–321, 320t
proteins as, 319
receptor proteins for, 317, 321, 323–326
releasing, 227, 335
second messengers and, 326–331
secretion of, 7, 8, 9, 12, 322, 710
signaling by, 154, 154f
stress, 340
synergistic effects of, 321
target cells for, 317, 323
trophic, 331–332, 650
Hormone-sensitive lipase, 680
Hot flashes, 734
HPV (human papillomavirus), 497, 519
HSV (herpes simplex virus), 497
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), 349,
740–741, 743
Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS), 349,
743, 744t
Human genome, 46, 63, 66
Human Genome Project, 63
Humanized monoclonal antibodies, 520
Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), 511fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 16fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 16 2/4/15 10:31 AM2/4/15 10:31 AM