Index I-17Integration, synaptic, 199–201
Integrins, 54, 132
Integumentary system. See also Cutaneous
sensations; Skin
metabolism of, 126
structure and function of, 20t
Intensity, of sound, 283
Intention tremors, 230, 391, 391t
Interaural intensity difference, 289
Interaural time difference, 289
Intercalated discs, 11–12, 11f, 392
Intercostal muscles, 541–542, 541f
Interferons
alpha, 497
beta, 497
in cancer treatment, 497
effects of, 497, 498t
gamma, 497, 509, 520, 523
immune function of, 494t, 497–498
production of, 497
Interleukin-1, 411, 497, 508–509
Interleukin-2, 508, 509, 520
Interleukin-3, 411
Interleukin-4, 509
Interleukin-5, 509
Interleukin-6, 497
Interleukin-10, 508
Interleukin-12, 517
Interleukin-13, 509, 523
Interleukins, 350
Interlobar arteries, 585
Interlobar veins, 586
Interlobular arteries, 585
Interlobular veins, 586
Intermediates, in metabolic pathway, 95
Internal elastic lamina, 431
Internal intercostal muscles, 541
Internal respiration, 533
Internal tunic, 291t
Internal urethral sphincter, 584
Interneurons, 164t, 165, 207, 385
Interoceptors, 268, 274
Interphase, 74, 76, 77f
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), 632
Interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH), 332
Interstitial (Leydig) cells, 349, 705
Interstitial space, 442
Interstitial (tissue) fluid, 20–21, 131, 349, 406, 442,
456, 705
Intestinal crypts, 629
Intestinal microbiota, 633–635
Intestinal phase of regulation, 646t, 647–648
Intestinal reflexes, 648
Intestinal stem cells, 629
Intestines. See Large intestine; Small intestine
Intestino-intestinal reflexes, 648
Intra-alveolar pressure, 538
Intracellular compartment, 20, 21, 25, 131, 456, 456f
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), 736
Intrafusal fibers, 386
Intralaminar nuclei, 226
Intrapleural pressure, 537–538, 538t
Intrapleural space, 536, 537–538
Intrapulmonary pressure, 537–538, 538t
Intravenous fluids, tonicity of, 141
Intravenous immunoglobulin, 518
Intrinsic afferents, 648
Intrinsic factor, 408, 625
Intrinsic pathway, in blood clotting, 415, 416, 416f
Intrinsic regulatory mechanisms, 8exercise and, 383
in immune complex diseases, 523
local, 500–502, 500t, 501–502f
prostaglandins in, 352
vitamin E and, 666
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 635
Influenza vaccine, 517
Infundibulum, 331
Ingestion, 621
Inhalation. See Inspiration
Inheritance, epigenetic, 79, 81, 703
Inhibin, 709
Inhibiting hormones, 227
Inhibition
allosteric, 95
depolarization-induced suppression of, 197, 200
end-product, 95, 96f
lateral, 273, 274f
negative feedback, 9, 10f, 335
postsynaptic, 200–201, 200f
presynaptic, 201
Inhibitory Golgi tendon organ reflex, 389, 389f
Inhibitory neurotransmitters, 195
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), 183, 184f,
188, 200–201
Inhibitory synapses, 389
Initial segment, of axon, 164f, 178–179, 184f, 190
Initial substrates, in metabolic pathway, 95
Innate (nonspecific) immunity, 494–497, 494t
Inner cell mass, of blastocyst, 738
Inner ear, 279, 279f, 283 f
Inner hair cells, 286
Inner segment, of rods and cones, 298
Innervation, 8, 154, 258, 260, 389–390
Innervation ratio, 364
Inositol triphosphate (IP 3 ), 276, 328
Inotropic (I) bands, 361, 364, 365, 367
Insertion, of skeletal muscle, 360
Insomnia, 349
Inspiration (inhalation), 541–542, 541f, 542 t
Inspiratory (I) neurons, 554
Inspiratory reserve volume, 542, 542t
Insula, 210, 211t, 212
Insulin
absorptive state, 679
action of, 345–346
adipose tissue and, 671
in cell signaling, 155
in diabetes mellitus, 143, 346, 681–685
glucagon and, 321, 345–346, 677–680
glucose and, 120, 345–346, 677–680
in hunger regulation, 672–673f, 673–674
mechanism of action, 330–331
negative feedback control with, 7
as neurotransmitter, 196t
pancreatic secretion of, 345–346, 347f
polypeptide chains in, 43
postabsorptive state, 679–680
receptors for, 330, 330f
regulation of, 677–679, 678f
in regulation of hunger, 673–674
renal clearance of, 600–601, 600f
resistance to, 341, 683–684
secretion of, 345–346, 346f, 643, 677–679
stimulation of secretion, 9
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), 329, 351
Insulin receptor substrate proteins, 330
Insulin resistance, 341, 682
Integral proteins, 53
Integrating center, 6Identical twins, 736
IGFs (insulin-like growth factors), 329, 351
Ignarro, Louis, 5t
Ileocecal valve, 629
Ileogastric reflex, 648
Ileum, 629
Imaging, brain, 212–213, 212–213f, 213 t
Immediate hypersensitivity, 523–525, 523t, 524–525f
Immune complex diseases, 522–523
Immune system and immunity, 493–527
active immunity, 516–517, 519t
adaptive (specific) immunity, 494, 495, 497–498
apoptosis in, 75
breast-feeding and, 748, 748f
cell concepts related to, 83
cell-mediated, 499
clonal selection theory and, 515–516, 516f, 517 t
diseases of, 521–526, 522t
functions of, 20t
innate (nonspecific) immunity, 494–497, 494t
local inflammation and, 500–502, 500t, 501–502f
lymphocytes and lymphoid organs in,
499–500, 500t
membrane transport in, 157
passive immunity, 518, 519t
phagocytosis in, 54
primary response in, 515, 515f
prostaglandin actions in, 351
secondary response in, 515, 515f
starvation and, 671
suppression of, 514
tumor immunology, 519–521
Immunizations, 509, 515, 517
Immunoassays, 498, 499f
Immunoglobulin A, 504, 504t, 506
Immunoglobulin D, 504, 504t
Immunoglobulin E, 504, 504t, 506, 523, 524f, 545
Immunoglobulin G, 504, 504t, 506
Immunoglobulin M, 504, 504t, 505
Immunoglobulins, 504, 504t. See also Antibodies
Immunological competence, 518
Immunologically privileged sites, 514
Immunological surveillance, 519–520
Immunological tolerance, 517–518
Immunotherapy, for cancer, 517, 518, 520
Impaired glucose tolerance, 683
Implantable converter-defibrillators, 441
Implantation, 738, 740–742
Implicit (nondeclarative) memory, 220, 221t
Imprinting, genomic, 703
Inactivated channels, 176
Inborn errors of metabolism, 95–96, 96f, 97 t
Inclusions, 57–58
Incomplete tetanus, 375, 375f
Incontinence, 584
Incretin, 647–648
Incus, 284
Indigestible materials, passage of, 621
Indomethacin, 352
Induced-fit model of enzyme activity, 91
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, 739
I neurons, 554
Infarct, 110
Inferior colliculi, 228, 288
Inferior mesenteric ganglia, 247
Inferior temporal lobe, 221
Inferior vena cava, 419, 419–420f
Inflammation
asthma and, 502, 544–545
atherosclerosis and, 438fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 17fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 17 2/4/15 10:31 AM2/4/15 10:31 AM