Human Physiology, 14th edition (2016)

I-18 Index

Lactate dehydrogenase, 91t

Lactate threshold, 379, 570–571

Lactation, 321, 518, 746–748, 747–748f

Lacteal, central, 629

Lactic acid

blood pH and, 30

carboxyl group of, 31, 32f

in Cori cycle, 117–118, 118f

as energy source, 123, 125, 125t, 669

exercise and, 125, 379, 382

formation of, 109–110, 110f

in gluconeogenesis, 123

myocardial ischemia and, 110, 439

Lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), 91, 117, 439

Lactic acid fermentation, 109, 110

Lactic acid pathway, 109–110, 110f

Lactiferous duct, 746, 748

Lactose, 34, 630, 650

Lactose intolerance, 97t, 630

Lacunae, 16

Lamellae, 16

Lamellated corpuscles. See Pacinian corpuscles

Lamina propria, 621

Laminar flow, 479

Landsteiner, Karl, 5t

Langerhans, islets of. See Pancreatic islets

Langerhans cells, 511

Langley, John, 5t

Language

cerebral areas involved in, 218, 218f

recovery after brain injury, 218

Lanoxin (digoxin), 427

Lansoprazole (Prevacid), 627

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 642

Laplace, law of, 539, 539f

Large intestine, 621, 632–636, 633–634f

Laron dwarfism, 689

Larynx, 536, 536f

Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), 297

Laser lithotripsy, 584

LASIK (laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis), 297

Lasix (furosemide), 612

Last Korotkoff sound, 480

Latch state, 396

Late distal convoluted tubule, 605

Latent period, between stimulus and contraction, 374

Lateral corticospinal tracts, 233, 234t, 390

Lateral geniculate nuclei, 226, 306, 308

Lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), 231–232

Lateral inhibition, 273, 274f

Lateralization, cerebral, 209, 210f, 216–217, 217f

Lateral lemniscus, 288

Lateral prefrontal area, 224

Lateral spinothalamic tract, 233t, 272

Laws

all-or-none, 176, 176f

Boyle’s, 538

complementary base pairing, 45–46, 65, 73

conservation of energy, 97

Dalton’s, 547

Frank–Starling law of the heart, 453, 453f, 454

Henry’s, 548

of Laplace, 539, 539f

of mass action, 94, 566

Poiseuille’s, 464

specific nerve energies, 268–269

thermodynamics, 97–98, 134

L chains, 504, 505f

L cones, 303, 303f

LDH (lactic acid dehydrogenase), 91, 117

K

Kainate receptors, 194

Kallikrein, 417

Kaposi’s sarcoma, 497

Kennedy, John F., 338

K^1 equilibrium potential, 150–151, 150f

Keratin, 14, 44

Keratinized epithelium, 13t, 14, 14f

Keratinocytes, 20

Ketoacidosis, 38, 122

Keto acids, 122–123

Ketogenesis, 117t, 346

a-Ketoglutaric acid, 122f, 123

Ketone bodies, 38, 38f, 121–122, 641

Ketones, 31, 32f

Ketonuria, 122

Ketosis, 38, 122

Kidney disease, 586, 613

Kidneys, 581–614

acid-base balance regulation, 608–610, 609f, 610 t

altitude and, 572

blood flow to, 602f, 603

blood vessels in, 585–586, 585f

blood volume regulation by, 459–462, 462–463f

countercurrent multiplier system, 592–595,

593–594f

dialysis and, 134, 134f, 613

electrolyte balance and, 604–606, 605f

endocrine functions of, 318t

extracellular compartment, regulation of, 21

function tests for, 611, 613

glomerular filtration, 587–589f, 587–590, 590t

osmolality of, 596, 596f

plasma clearance in, 598–604, 600f, 601–602t,

602–603f

reabsorption of salt and water by, 590–598, 591f

size and weight of, 582

structure and function of, 582–583f, 582–587,

585–586f

Kidney stones, 584

Killed vaccines, 517

Killer (cytotoxic) T lymphocytes, 507–508, 511–512,

511–513f, 519–520

Kilocalories, 98, 662

Kinases, 91, 329

Kinesins, 57, 164

Kinetochore, 76

Kinocilium, 280

Kisspeptins, 710

Kleinfelter’s syndrome, 705

Knee-jerk reflex, 238, 388, 388f

Knockout mice, 75

Korotkoff sounds, 480, 480f

Korsakoff’s syndrome, 220

Krebs, Hans, 5t

Krebs cycle, 107, 111–112, 112–113f

Kupffer cells, 495–496, 636

Kwashiorkor, 689

L

Labia majora, 706, 724

Labia minora, 724

Labioscrotal swellings, 706

Labor, 8, 333, 352, 744–746, 745f

Lacrimal (tear) glands, 15

Lactase, 630, 631t, 651 t

Lactate. See Lactic acid

Intrinsic sensory neurons, 622

Introns, 66, 67

Inulin, renal clearance of, 600–602, 600f, 613

In vitro drug studies, 4

In vitro fertilization, 736, 737f

In vivo drug studies, 4

Iodine, 343, 665t

Iodine-deficiency goiters, 343, 343f

Ion channels

in action potentials, 174–178, 175f

chemically regulated, 183, 185–189

gated, 135f, 136, 173–174, 173f

inactivation of, 173f, 174, 175, 176, 177

in neurotransmission, 182–183, 182f, 185–189

in resting membrane potential, 152–153, 152f,

172–173

voltage-gated, 174, 183

Ion currents, 172

Ion gating, 135f, 136, 173–174, 173f

Ionic bonds, 27–28, 28f

Ionic compounds, 27

Ionization, of water molecules, 29

Ions, 27

Ipsilateral, 385

iPS (induced pluripotent stem) cells, 739

IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials), 183, 184f,

188, 200–201

Iris, 291t, 292

Irisin, 383

Iron

daily requirements for, 412, 665t, 668

in heme, 408, 559

recycling of, 408, 411–412

Iron-deficiency anemia, 408

Irritability, of neurons, 172

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 635

Irritant receptors, 558

Ischemic heart disease, 110, 439, 440f

Ischemic strokes, 200, 440

Islets of Langerhans. See Pancreatic islets

Isoenzymes, 91, 92

Isoleucine, 122t

Isomerases, 91

Isometric contractions, 376

Isosmotic solutions, 140

Isosomotic, 590

Isotonic contractions, 375

Isotonic solutions, 140, 141f

Isotopes, 26

Isotropic (I) bands, 361

Isovolumetric contraction, 423

Isovolumetric relaxation, 423

Isthmus, 341

Itch, receptors for, 271

J

Jaundice, 564, 640

Jejunum, 629

Jenner, Edward, 514–515

Jet lag, 349

Joggers high, 197

Journals, peer-reviewed, 3–4

Jumping genes, 63

Junctional complexes, 14, 147, 148f

Juvenile-onset diabetes, 681

Juxtaglomerular apparatus, 461, 589,

606–607, 607f

Juxtamedullary nephrons, 586

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