Human Physiology, 14th edition (2016)

I-30 Index

Stapedius muscle, 284

Stapes, 284

Starch, 34, 36, 36f, 650

Starling, Ernest, 5t

Starling forces, 457

Starvation, 671

Statin drugs, 438

Statistics, in scientific research, 3

Stem cells

adult, 19–20, 64, 739

basal, 276

embryonic, 19, 64, 738–740

hematopoietic, 64, 409, 411

intestinal, 629

melanocyte, 20

mesenchymal, 64

neural, 64, 209, 224

Stents, 469

Stereocilia, 280, 287

Stereoisomers, 32–33, 32f

Sternocleidomastoid muscles, 541

Steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR), 641

Steroid family, of hormone receptors, 324

Steroid hormones

anabolic, 322, 714

biosynthetic pathway for, 337, 339f, 709, 709f

concentrations and tissue response, 322

conjugation of, 641

diffusion through plasma membrane, 135

genomic action of, 324

hydroxylation of, 641

inactivation of, 61

mechanism of action, 323f, 324–325

negative feedback effects of, 709

from placenta, 744, 744f, 744 t

receptors for, 155, 323f, 324–325

secretion of, 320, 337, 707, 709

structure of, 40, 40f

Steroids, anabolic, 322, 714

Stethoscope positions, 420, 421f

Stimulus intensity coding, 176, 176f

Stomach, 318t, 621, 625–628, 625f

Stones

gallbladder, 642

kidney, 584

Strabismus, 363

Stratified epithelium, 12, 13t, 14 f

Stratum functionale, 723, 731

Streptococcus infections, 522

Streptokinase, 417

Stress

adrenal gland and, 340–341

cancer and, 521

effects on menstrual cycle, 732–733

oxidative stress, 114, 668–669

Stress hormones, 340

Stress hyperglycemia, 679

Stress urinary incontinence, 584

Stretch reflexes, 387–388, 388t, 479

Striate cortex, 306, 306f, 308

Striated muscles, 11, 11f, 361, 361f, 365, 365–366f

Stroke, 218, 417

anabolic steroids and, 322

autonomic dysreflexia, 260

COX inhibitors and, 352

etiology of, 440

excitotoxicity in, 200

hypertensive, 484

treatment of, 440

Stroke volume, 423, 451, 452–454, 476

Sounds of Korotkoff, 480, 480f

Sound waves, 282–283

Sour taste, 275, 275f, 276

Space travel, 384, 691

Spasms, muscle, 363, 387

Spastic paralysis, 183, 390, 391t

Spatial summation, 199, 199f

Special senses, 268

Specific immunity. See Adaptive immunity

Specificity

of antibodies, 412, 498, 502, 504

in carrier-mediated transport, 142

of enzymes, 89, 90f

of hormones, 323

SPECT (single photon emission computed

tomography), 213t

Speech

cerebral areas involved in, 218, 218f

recovery after brain injury, 218

Sperm, 56

acrosome, 735

capacitation, 734

fertilization by, 702, 735–737, 735–737f

flagella of, 56, 734–735

production of, 332, 349

Spermatids, 716

Spermatocytes, 716, 716f

Spermatogenesis, 705, 709, 715–716, 716f, 718

Spermatogonia, 704

Spermatozoa, 716, 717–718f, 718

Spermiogenesis, 717, 717f

Sperry, Roger, 5t

S phase, 74

Sphincters

lower esophageal, 624

of Oddi, 640

precapillary, 433

pyloric, 625, 645

urethral, 584

Sphygmomanometers, 476, 480

Spike potentials, 176. See also Action potentials

Spinal cord

central canal of, 208

structure of, 207, 207f

tracts of, 232–235, 233–234t, 234–235f

Spinal nerves, 163, 236, 236f, 238–239, 385

Spinal shock, 260, 390

Spindle apparatus, 57

Spindle fibers, 76

Spinothalamic tract, 272

Spiral arteries, 731, 741

Spiral organ (organ of Corti), 286–288, 287f

Spirogram, 542, 543f

Spirometry, 542

Spironolactone (Aldactone), 612

Splanchnic nerves, 247

Spleen, 444, 444f, 495, 499

Spliceosomes, 67

Split-brain procedures, 216–217

Spongy urethra, 706

Spontaneous depolarization, 425

Sporadic ALS, 385

Sports drinks, 461

Squamous cell carcinoma, 76

Squamous epithelium, 12, 13t, 14 f

SQUIDS (superconducting quantum interference

devices), 213

SRY gene, 705

SSRIs (serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors), 192

Staircase effect, 375

Smooth muscles—Cont.

latch state of, 396

layers of, 393

multiunit, 394, 395f

myogenic activity of, 394

nitric oxide and, 258

prostaglandins and, 351

relaxation of, 395

single-unit and multiunit, 394, 395f

tone of, 245

Smooth pursuit eye movements, 306

SNARE complex, 183

Snellen eye chart, 296

S-nitrosohemoglobin (SNO), 467

SNO (S-nitrosohemoglobin), 467

snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins), 67

SnRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins), 67

Sodium. See also Salt

active transport of, 145–146, 145f

cotransport with glucose, 146, 146f

equilibrium potential, 151

excretion of, 462

homeostasis of, 608, 608f

ionic bonds with chloride, 27, 28f

loss through sweat, 461

normal range in blood, 6t

potassium and, 608, 608f

reabsorption of, 605

renal regulation of, 604–606

Sodium channels, 135–136, 172–176, 174–176f, 426

Sodium chloride, 27, 28f, 139

Sodium citrate, 418

Sodium hydroxide, 29t

Sodium-potassium pumps, in active transport, 145–

146, 145f, 153, 175–176

Soleus muscle, 381, 381f

Soleus muscle pump, 436

Solifenacin, 258

Solutes, 134, 134f, 136

Solutions

acidic, 29–30

alkaline, 29, 30

components of, 134

dextrose, 140, 141

hypertonic, 140, 141f

hypo-osmotic, 140

hypotonic, 140, 141f

isosmotic, 140

isotonic, 140, 141f

neutral, 29

one-molal, 139, 139f

one-molar, 138, 139f

saline, 140, 141

tonicity of, 140, 141f

Solvents, 134

Somatesthetic sensations, 210, 271–272

Somatic cell nuclear transfer, 738

Somatic hypermutation, 505, 512, 516, 521

Somatic motor neurons, 164t, 165, 238, 238f

Somatic nervous system, 244, 245t

Somatomammotropin, 349, 743–744

Somatomedins, 688

Somatosensory cortex, 210, 271

Somatostatin, 196t, 332, 335, 647

Somatotropin. See Growth hormone (GH)

Sound. See also Hearing

frequency of, 283, 285–286, 286f, 288–289, 288–289f

of heart, 420–421, 421f

intensity of, 283

pitch, 283, 285–286, 286f, 288–289

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