Index I-33Valium, 196, 229, 232
Valsalva’s maneuver, 479
Valsartan, 462
Valves
heart, 419–420, 419–420f
venous, 435–436, 435–436f
van der Waals forces, 43
Varicose veins, 436
Varicosities, 252, 395
Vasa recta, 593, 594
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 305,
434–435, 518
Vascular resistance to blood flow, 463–465, 464–
465 f, 464 t
Vascular tunic, 291t
Vas (ductus) deferens, 706, 718
Vasectomy, 722, 722f
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), 258
Vasoconstriction, 432–433, 475–476, 476f
Vasodilation, 397, 433, 462, 464–468, 469–472
Vasodilators, 110, 397, 484
Vasomotor control centers, 231, 477
Vasopressin. See Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Vectors, for gene therapy, 95
VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), 305,
434–435, 518
Veins
abdominal, 435–436, 455
arcuate, 586
central, 637, 637f
compliance of, 455
hepatic portal, 636, 637f
interlobar, 586
interlobular, 586
pulmonary, 418
renal, 586
subclavian, 443, 444f
thoracic, 436, 455
umbilical, 742, 742f
varicose, 436
Venous blood, 406
Venous return, 454–455, 455f
Venous thromboembolism, 436
Venous valves, 435–436, 435–436f
Ventilation (breathing). See also Lungs; Respiratory
system
acid-base balance and, 569, 569t
altitude and, 571–573, 571t, 573 f, 573 t
exercise and, 570–571, 570f, 571 t
explanation of, 533
inspiration and expiration, 541–542, 541f, 542 t
intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, 537–
538, 538t
mechanics of, 540–544, 541f, 543 f, 544 t
partial carbon dioxide pressure and, 555–557,
556–557f
partial oxygen pressure and, 557–558, 557f
pH and, 555–557, 556–557f
physical aspects of, 536–540
pulmonary function tests, 542–544, 542t, 543–544f
pulmonary receptors and, 558–559
regulation of, 553–559, 554–557f
Ventilation/perfusion ratio, 550–552, 552f
Ventral corticospinal tract, 390
Ventral horns, 232
Ventral roots, 238, 385
Ventral tegmental area (VTA), 228
Ventricles, 208, 209f, 418, 422–423, 452–453, 454
Ventricular fibrillation, 440, 441
Ventricular tachycardia, 440normal range in blood, 6t
in urine, 594–595, 595f
Urea transporters, 594
Uremia, 613
Uremic coma, 613
Ureters, 582, 584
Urethra, 584, 719
Urethral folds, 706
Urethral sphincters, 584
Urgency incontinence, 584
Uric acid, 641
Uric acid stones, 584
Urinary bladder, 258–260, 259t, 582, 584
Urinary buffers, 610
Urinary incontinence, 584
Urinary system
cell concepts related to, 83
functions of, 20t
membrane transport in, 157
metabolism in, 126
prostaglandin actions in, 352
structure of, 582–583f, 582–584, 585f
Urination, 258, 260, 584–585
Urine
acidification of, 609, 609f
excretion of, 458
glucose in, 143, 604
output of, 590, 597–598
protein in, 588, 613
reabsorption of, 459
urea in, 594–595, 595f
Urobilinogen, 639
Urodynamic testing, 584
Urogenital sinus, 706
Uroguanylin, 648
Urokinase, 417
Urticaria (hives), 523
Uterine fibroids, 723
Uterine tubes. See Fallopian tubes
Uterus
contractions of, 8, 333, 744–745, 745f
cyclic changes in, 729, 730f, 731
development of, 705
in sexual response, 711
structure of, 723, 723f
Utricle, 279, 280
Uvea, 291tV
Vaccinations. See Immunizations
Vacuoles, 52t, 58, 496
Vagina, 14, 711, 723
Vaginal rings, 733
Vagotomy, 650
Vagus nerve
in baroreceptor reflex, 477
in breathing regulation, 555
in cardiac regulation, 181, 245, 452
in gastrointestinal regulation, 245, 622, 627, 645,
646, 650
parasympathetic fibers in, 248–250, 249t
path of, 250, 250f
sensory input from, 260, 261t
Vagus nerves, 237t, 248, 250
Vagus nuclei, 231
Vagusstoff, 181. See also Acetylcholine (Ach)
Valence electrons, 26
Valine, 41f, 122 tTufted cells, 278
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL), 520
Tumor necrosis factor, 497, 501, 670
Tumors. See also Cancer
angiogenesis and, 435
benign, 518
dedifferentiation of cells in, 519
immunology of, 519–521
malignant, 519
natural killer cells and, 520–521
Tumor suppressor genes, 67, 75
Tunica externa, 431
Tunica interna, 431
Tunica media, 431
Turbulent flow, 479–480
Turner’s syndrome, 705
Turnover, of enzymes proteins, 94
Turnover rate, 665
TUR (transurethral resection), 719
T waves, 428, 429f
20/20 vision, 296
Twins, 736
Twitch, 374–375, 374f
Two-point touch threshold, 272–273, 273f, 273 t
Tylenol, 352
Tympanic membrane (eardrum), 283
Type I diabetes mellitus, 346, 521–522, 522t, 681–
682, 682t, 683 f
Type I fibers. See Slow-twitch fibers
Type II diabetes mellitus, 346, 382–385, 382t, 384 f
Type II fibers. See Fast-twitch fibers
Tyramine, 192
Tyrosine, 41f, 122 t, 191, 319, 329
Tyrosine kinase second messenger system,
329–331U
Ubiquitin, 72
UCP1, 121
Ulcerative colitis, 635
Ulcers
duodenal, 627–628
peptic, 352, 628
Ultrafiltrate, 588, 589f
Ultrasound, prenatal, 742
Ultraviolet light, 18–19, 76, 290, 290f
Umami taste, 275, 275f, 276
Umbilical arteries, 742–743, 743f
Umbilical cord banking, 746
Umbilical vein, 742–743, 743f
Uncoupling proteins, 121, 675, 686, 687
Unipolar limb leads, 430, 430t
Universal donors, 412–413
Universal energy carrier, 99, 100f. See also
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Universal recipients, 413
Unloading reactions, 561
Unmyelinated axons, 167, 168, 168f, 178 f, 179
Unmyelinated C fibers, 558
Unsaturated fats, 36, 37f
Upper motor neurons, 210, 385, 385t, 387,
390–391, 391t
Upregulation, 322
Uracil, 46, 46f
Urea
clearance of, 602–603
effects of, 594–595, 595f
excretion of, 123fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 33fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 33 2/4/15 10:31 AM2/4/15 10:31 AM