Chapter 5 Introduction to Canine Rehabilitation 109
conscious canine patient. Resisted ROM is
motion performed independently through all
or part of the range by the power of the indi
vidual’s muscles against an opposing force.
The goniometer is used for the precise
measurement of angles created by joints to
gain objective measurement of joint ROM.
Measurements are recorded in degrees and use
specific bony landmarks for each joint (Table 5.3
and Figures 5.1–5.7). There are three parts of the
goniometer: the stable or proximal arm, the
fulcrum or axis, and the moving or distal arm.
(A)(B)
Figure 5.1 (A) Measuring shoulder flexion. (B). Measuring shoulder extension.
Table 5.3 Landmarks for goniometry
Joint Proximal arm Axis Distal arm End feel
Shoulder flexion/
extension (Figure 5.1)
Spine of the scapula Acromion Lateral humeral
epicondyle
Soft or firm/firm
Shoulder abduction
(Figure 5.2)
Spine of the scapula Greater
tubercle
Bisecting the lateral
humerus
Firm
Elbow flexion/extension
(Figure 5.3)
Greater tubercle Lateral
epicondyle
Lateral styloid process Soft or firm/hard
Carpal flexion/extension
(Figure 5.4)
Radial head Lateral styloid Fifth metacarpal Firm/firm
Hip flexion/extension
(Figure 5.5)
Bisecting the iliac
wing
Greater
trochanter
Lateral femoral
condyle
Soft or firm/firm
Stifle flexion/extension
(Figure 5.6)
Greater trochanter Lateral femoral
condyle
Lateral malleolus Soft or firm/firm
Tarsal flexion/extension
(Figure 5.7)
Fibular head Lateral
malleolus
Fifth metatarsal Firm/firm