110 Canine Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation
The axis is placed over the center of the joint,
which changes depending upon the position of
the joint, whether flexed or extended. The prox
imal arm is placed over the proximal segment,
aligned with a proximal landmark, and the
distal arm is placed over the distal segment,
aligned with a distal landmark. Mean goniomet
ric measurements for each joint can be found in
Table 5.4. These measurements are based on
sedated Labrador Retrievers. Other studies
have noted that there is some variability from
breed to breed (Benson et al., 2004). In general,
intrarater reliability, which is better than inter
rater reliability, even when using the same
technique, has a 1–5‐degree margin of error
(Jaegger et al., 2002).Figure 5.2 Measuring shoulder abduction.
(A)(B)Figure 5.3 (A) Measuring elbow flexion. (B) Measuring elbow extension.