Evolution, 4th Edition

MACROEvOLuTiON: EvOLuTiON AbOvE THE SPECiES LEvEL 539 of a shark and a falcon, or even of a bird-hunting falcon and a rodent-hun ...

540 CHAPTER 20 Genome size, meaning the amount of DNA in the cell nucleus, varies 60,000- fold among eukaryotes [21, 36]. Althou ...

MACROEvOLuTiON: EvOLuTiON AbOvE THE SPECiES LEvEL 541 (say E′, not E) if any of many antecedent events had been different (C′ ra ...

542 CHAPTER 20 The question of progress Many people who accept evolution conceive it as a purposive, progressive process, culmin ...

■■Steps by which some higher taxa have evolved (e.g., birds, mammals) have been well docu- mented in the fossil record. intermed ...

SuGGESTiONS FOR FuRTHER READiNG Tempo and Mode in Evolution, by G. G. Simpson (Columbia university Press, New York, 1944), and E ...

UNIT V Evolution and Homo sapiens 21_EVOL4E_CH21.indd 545 3/22/17 1:51 PM ...

21_EVOL4E_CH21.indd 546 3/22/17 1:51 PM ...

Picture a Neanderthal. Perhaps you are thinking of a hulking, stooping, club-wielding, hairy cave- man—the defining image of bra ...

548 CHAPTER 21 Where Did We Come From? Humans are descended from the last universal com- mon ancestor (LUCA) of all living organ ...

THE EVOLUTIONARY STORY OF HOMO SAPIENS 549 the hominins, which diverged from the chimpanzee lineage about 7 Mya^1 [1, 36]. The h ...

550 CHAPTER 21 efficiency compared with other apes, which sway from side to side when they occasionally walk. The curvature of o ...

THE EVOLUTIONARY STORY OF HOMO SAPIENS 551 Most important is our enormous brain. Relative to body mass, the human brain is three ...

552 CHAPTER 21 Among the earliest well-fossilized hominins is Australopithecus afarensis, dated at about 3.5 Mya (FIGURE 21.7B). ...

THE EVOLUTIONARY STORY OF HOMO SAPIENS 553 Futuyma Kirkpatrick Evolution, 4e Sinauer Associates Troutt Visual Services Evolution ...

554 CHAPTER 21 Starting about 600 Kya, a second wave of hominins spread out of Africa and across Europe and Asia (FIGURE 21.9B). ...

THE EVOLUTIONARY STORY OF HOMO SAPIENS 555 The Arrival of Homo sapiens About 200,000 years ago (200 Kya), the first hominins app ...

556 CHAPTER 21 of humans out of Africa. Most of the branches connecting non-Africans are rela- tively short, consistent with hum ...

THE EVOLUTIONARY STORY OF HOMO SAPIENS 557 mutation originated in the Denisovans, and introgressed into humans by hybrid- izatio ...

558 CHAPTER 21 The terms “race” and “ethnic group” are often used in common speech. From a biological perspective, however, they ...