500 | NOTES TO PAGES 201–204
- J. Bigelow, ‘Computer development at the Institute for Advanced Study’, in Metropolis et al. (1980),
pp. 304, 305–6, 308; H. H. Goldstine, The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann, Princeton University
Press (1972), p. 310. - Goldstine (Note 9), p. 96.
- Turing (1945), pp. 426–7.
- Williams in interview with Christopher Evans in 1976, ‘The pioneers of computing: an oral history
of computing’, Science Museum, London, copyright Board of Trustees of the Science Museum. This
interview was supplied to me on audiotape in 1995 by the archives of the Science Museum and tran-
scribed by me in 1997. - Minutes of the Executive Committee of the National Physical Laboratory for 22 October 1946, NPL
library. - Hilton in interview with Copeland, June 2001.
- F. C. Williams, ‘Early computers at Manchester University’, The Radio and Electronic Engineer, 45
(1975), 327–31, p. 328. - Williams in interview with Evans (Note 12).
- T. Kilburn, ‘A storage system for use with binary digital computing machines’, Report for TRE, 1
December 1947, Manchester Archive; a retyped version, complete with editorial notes by Brian
Napper, is at http://www.computer50.org/kgill/mark1/report1947.html; T. Kilburn, ‘The University
of Manchester universal high-speed digital computing machine’, Nature, 164 (4173) (1949), 684–7. - Kilburn in interview with Copeland, July 1997.
- Flowers in interview with Copeland, July 1996.
- Letter from Newman to von Neumann (8 February 1946), in the von Neumann Archive at the Library
of Congress, Washington, DC; a digital facsimile is in The Turing Archive for the History of Computing
(http://www.AlanTuring.net/newman_vonneumann_8feb46). - Letter from Julian Bigelow to Copeland (12 April 2002).
- Bigelow in a tape-recorded interview made in 1971 by the Smithsonian Institution and released in
2002. I am grateful to Bigelow for sending me a transcript of excerpts from the interview. - Letter from Arthur Burks to Copeland (22 April 1998).
- A. W. Burks, H. H. Goldstine, and J. von Neumann, ‘Preliminary discussion of the logical design of an
electronic computing instrument’, Institute for Advanced Study (28 June 1946), in A. H. Taub (ed.),
Collected Works of John von Neumann, Vol. 5, Pergamon Press (1961), Section 3.1, on p. 37. - NA FO850/234; the photographs were declassified in 1975. Photographs and the accompanying offi-
cial caption were published in B. Randell ‘Colossus’, in Metropolis et al. (1980). - ‘General report on Tunny, with emphasis on statistical methods’, NA HW25/4, HW25/5 (2 vols);
this report was written in 1945 by Jack Good, Donald Michie, and Geoffrey Timms, all members
of Newman’s section at Bletchley Park. A digital facsimile is in The Turing Archive for the History of
Computing (http://www.AlanTuring.net/tunny_report). - See, for example, the National Science Foundation ‘family tree’ of computer design, 1957, reproduced
in Copeland et al. (2005), p. 150. - M. V. Wilkes, Memoirs of a Computer Pioneer, MIT Press (1985); J. R. Womersley, ‘A.C.E. project—
origin and early history’, National Physical Laboratory (26 November 1946), in Copeland et al.
(2005), pp. 38–9; a digital facsimile is in The Turing Archive for the History of Computing (http://www.
AlanTuring.net/ace_early_history). - Flowers in interview with Copeland (Note 19).
- Letter from Michie to Copeland (14 July 1995).
- Council Minutes, Royal Society of London (13 Dec. 1945, 14 Feb. 1946, 7 Mar. 1946, 11 April 1946, 16
May 1946, 13 June 1946); in the archives of the Royal Society of London. - Letter from Newman to Colonel Wallace, GCHQ, Bletchley Park (8 August 1945), NA HW64/59. I am
grateful to Michael Smith for sending me a copy of this document. - Sheet of notes, GCHQ (4–6 December 1945), NA HW64/59. I am grateful to Michael Smith for send-
ing me a copy of this document. - Letter from Good to Copeland (5 March 2004).