The Turing Guide

504 | NOTES TO PAGES 223–234

3. R. Malik, ‘In the beginning—early days with ACE’, Data Systems (March 1969), 56–9, 82.


4. B. Randell, ‘On Alan Turing and the origins of digital computers’, in B. Meltzer and D. Michie (eds),
   Machine Intelligence 7, Edinburgh University Press (1972); Randell (1973).


5. Turing (1945) [also ‘Proposals for development in the Mathematics Division of an Automatic
   Computing Engine (ACE)’, NPL Internal Report E882 (1946); reprinted as ‘NPL Technical Report’,
   Computer Science 57, April 1972, and in B. E. Carpenter and R. W. Doran (eds), A. M. Turing’s ACE
   Report of 1946 and other papers, Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series, Vol. 10, MIT Press (1986)].


6. F. W. Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1974).


7. J. von Neumann, ‘First draft of a report on the EDVAC’, contract no. w-670-ord-4926, Technical
   Report, Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania (30 June 1945); extracts
   included in Randell (1973).


8. B. E. Carpenter and R. W. Doran, ‘The other Turing machine’, Computer Journal, 20 (1977), 269–79.


9. This company was still registered at Companies House at the time of writing.


10. See R. W. Doran, ‘Computer architecture and the ACE computers’, in Copeland et al. (2005).


11. W. S. McCulloch and W. Pitts, ‘A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity’, Bulletin
    of Mathematical Biophysics, 5 (1943), 115–33.


12. See M. V. Wilkes, ‘The best way to design an automatic calculating machine’, Manchester University
    Computer Inaugural Conference, July 1951.


13. Wilkinson’s two reports are both in The Turing Archive for the History of Computing.


14. See E. G. Daylight, ‘Dijkstra’s rallying cry for generalization: the advent of the recursive procedure,
    late 1950s–early 1960s’, Computer Journal, 54 (2011), 1756–72.


15. Turing (1945).


16. Turing (1947) [reprinted in Carpenter and Doran (Note 5)].


17. This chapter was significantly improved by multiple comments made by participants at a meeting
    of the BCS Computer Conservation Society in London in May 2012, and by comments from Jack
    Copeland. In addition to the specific references cited in the text, we are indebted to Andrew Hodges’
    Alan Turing: The Enigma and to numerous websites. Brian Carpenter was a visitor at the Computer
    Laboratory, University of Cambridge, during part of the preparation of this chapter.

CHAPTER 23 COmPUTER mUSIC (COPElAND AND lONG)

1. This chapter incorporates material from Chapter 9 of Turing (Copeland 2012).


2. See, for example, J. Chadabe, ‘The electronic century, part III: computers and analog synthesizers’,
   Electronic Musician, 2001 (http://www.emusician.com/tutorials/electronic_century3).


3. A. M. Turing, Programmers’ Handbook for Manchester Electronic Computer Mark II, Computing
   Machine Laboratory, University of Manchester (no date, c.1950), p. 85; a digital facsimile is in The
   Turing Archive for the History of Computing (http://www.AlanTuring.net/programmers_handbook).


4. Turing (Note 3).


5. B. J. Copeland and G. Sommaruga, ‘The stored-program universal computer: did Zuse anticipate
   Turing and von Neumann?’ , in G. Sommaruga and T. Strahm, Turing’s Revolution, Birkhauser/
   Springer (2015), pp. 99–100; F. C. Williams and T. Kilburn, ‘The University of Manchester Computing
   Machine’, in Review of Electronic Digital Computers: Joint AIEE–IRE Computer Conference, American
   Institute of Electrical Engineers (1952), 57–61.


6. Williams and Kilburn (Note 5), p. 59.


7. The delivery date of the first Ferranti computer is given in a letter from Turing to Woodger, undated,
   received 12 February 1951 (in the Woodger Archive). A digital facsimile is in The Turing Archive
   for the History of Computing (http://www.AlanTuring.net/turing_woodger_feb51). For details of the
   UNIVAC see N. Stern, ‘The BINAC: A case study in the history of technology’, Annals of the History
   of Computing, 1 (1979), 9–20, p.  17; and N. Stern, ‘From ENIAC to UNIVAC: an appraisal of the
   Eckert–Mauchly computers’, Digital (1981), p. 149.


8. See Turing’s preface to his Handbook (Note 3).


9. There is a circuit diagram of the hooter in K. N. Dodd, ‘The Ferranti electronic computer’, Armament
   Research Establishment Report 10/53, c.1953 (Diagram 10).