NOTES TO PAGES 362–369 | 521
- Turing (1948).
- Turing (1952), p. 521.
- Turing (1952), p. 552; Turing’s hand-drawings appeared on pp. 546 and 551.
- F. Jacob and J. Monod, ‘Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins’, Journal of
Molecular Biology, 3 (1961), 318–56. - See Boden (Note 2), Chapters 4.viii and 15.
- See C. G. Langton, ‘Artificial life’, in C. G. Langton (ed.), Artificial Life (Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary
Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems, September 1987), Addison-Wesley
(1989), 1–47; revised version in M. A. Boden (ed.), The Philosophy of Artificial Life, Oxford University
Press (1996), 39–94. - Thompson (Note 10), p. 1026.
- Thompson (Note 10), p. 1090.
- Turing (1950).
- S. Wolfram, ‘Statistical mechanics of cellular automata’, Review of Modern Physics, 55 (1983), 601–44;
‘Cellular automata as models of complexity’, Nature, 311 (1984), 419–24; ‘Universality and complexity
in cellular automata’, Physica D, 10 (1984), 1–35; Theory and Applications of Cellular Automata, World
Scientific (1986). - Turing (1950), p. 463.
- See C. G. Langton, ‘Life at the edge of chaos’, in C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer, and S. Rasmussen
(eds), Artificial Life II, Addison-Wesley (1992), 41–91; S. A. Kauffman, The Origins of Order: Self-
Organization and Selection in Evolution, Oxford University Press (1993), pp. 29ff. - See Kauffman (Note 22); R. Sole and B. C. Goodwin, Signs of Life: How Complexity Pervades Biology,
Basic Books (2000). - Turing (1948), p. 431.
- Turing (1950), pp. 460, 463.
- Turing (1950), p. 446.
- G. Turk, ‘Generating textures on arbitrary surfaces using reaction–diffusion’, Computer Graphics, 25
(1991), 289–98. - B. C. Goodwin and P. T. Saunders (eds), Theoretical Biology: Epigenetic and Evolutionary Order from
Complex Systems, Edinburgh University Press (1989); Kauffman (Note 22). - See N. H. Shubin and P. Alberch, ‘A morphogenetic approach to the origin and basic organization of
the tetrapod limb’, Evolutionary Biology, 20 (1986), 319087; G. F. Oster, N. Shubin, J. D. Murray, and
P. Alberch, ‘Evolution and morphogenetic rules: the shape of the vertebrate limb in ontogeny and
phylogeny’, Evolution, 42 (1988), 862–84; Turing (1952), p. 39. - C. H. Waddington, Organisers and Genes, Cambridge University Press (1940).
- See B. C. Goodwin and L. E. H. Trainor, ‘Tip and whorl morphogenesis in Acetabularia by calcium-
regulated strain fields’, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 117 (1985), 79–106; C. Briere and B. C. Goodwin,
‘Geometry and dynamics of tip morphogenesis in Acetabularia’, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 131
(1988), 461–75; B. C. Goodwin and C. Briere, ‘A mathematical model of cyto-skeletal dynamics
and morphogenesis in Acetabularia’, in D. Menzel (ed.), The Cytoskeleton of the Algae, CRC Press
(1992), pp.219–38; B. C. Goodwin, How the Leopard Changed its Spots: the Evolution of Complexity,
Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1994), pp. 88–103; a new Preface by the author is added in the 2nd edn
(Princeton University Press, 2001). - Turing (1952), p. 556.
- Goodwin (Note 31), p. 94.
- Ironically, much the same thing happened to the founder of morphology, Johann von Goethe. In
1853 his work on this topic was lavishly praised by the leading scientist of the time, Hermann von
Helmholtz, who wrote ‘On Goethe’s scientific researches’ (transl. by H. W. Eve, in H. Helmholtz,
Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects, new edn, Longmans Green (1884), pp.29–52). Helmholtz said
that Goethe’s work offered ‘ideas of infinite fruitfulness’ and had earned ‘immortal renown’. But its
renown, immortal or not, very soon went into hibernation, being overshadowed by the publication
of Darwin’s On the Origin of Species only 6 years later. Biologists’ interests turned from timeless ques-
tions about form to historical questions about evolution.