live television, 205 , 297
local courts, 123 , 213
local government, 74 , 85 , 126 , 137 , 148 , 201 – 2 ,
212 – 15
local ownership, 397 , 402
local people’s congresses, 119 , 125
local regulations, 125 , 129 , 340
Loewenstein, Karl, 9 – 14 , 25
Lok Sabha, 355 , 360
lower courts, 59 – 60 , 138 , 168 , 214 , 305 , 351
loyalty, 102 , 117 , 217 , 341
withdrawal of, 297
luxury, 295 , 307
Macau, 4 , 22 , 120 – 35 , 140
Madhesis, 373 , 380 , 388
Mahathir Mohamad, 25 , 244 , 259 – 61
Mahendra, King, 29
Mahfud, Chief Justice, 329 , 340
Majelis Permusyawaratan RakyatseeMPR.
majority religion, 322 , 332 , 370
maladministration, 267 , 358
Malaysia, 3 , 25 – 6 , 244 – 69
Anwar Ibrahim, 244 , 259 , 269
Azlan Shah, Sultan, 252
BN (Barisan Nasional), 25 , 244 – 5 , 252 , 256 ,
259 – 60 , 267 , 269
chief justices, 246 – 8 , 251
Conference of Rulers, 245 , 251 – 2 , 268
constitution, 245 , 248 , 257 , 262
Dewan Rakyat, 244 – 5
hereditary Malay rulers, 25 , 245 , 250 – 5 , 257 , 260
role, 250 – 2
human rights, 245 , 255 – 60 , 266 – 9
Islamisation, 25 , 244 , 261 – 7 , 269
judiciary, 244 , 246 – 50
Kelantan, 245 , 256 , 266
king’s role, 255
Mahathir Mohamad, 25 , 244 , 259 – 61
Malays, 257 , 269 , 284
March 2008 general elections, 245
Menteri Besar (chief minister), 252 – 4 , 256
Merdeka Constitution, 258 , 262
parliamentary government, 245
Perak, 244 – 5 , 266 , 269
2009 crisis, 252 – 5
political dynamics, 267 – 8
PR (Pakatan Rakyat), 244 – 5 , 252 , 255 ,
267 – 9 , 380
Reid Commission, 262 , 288
Sabah and Sarawak, 248 , 257 , 265
Sedition Act, 257 , 260 , 275 , 284
Supreme Court, 263
Syariah Court, 264 – 5
Terengganu, 245 , 266
UMNO (United Malays National
Organisation), 25 , 256 , 261
mandatory death penalty (MDP), 286 – 7
manipulation, 295 , 302 , 313 , 321 , 331
political, 151 – 2
Mao Zedong, 21 , 119
Maoists, 30 , 367 – 9 , 371 – 9 , 382 – 4 , 386 – 9
marginalization, 156 , 216 , 372
marginalized communities/groups, 367 , 372 , 378 ,
384 – 8
market economy, 78 , 98 , 113
free, 343 , 351 , 359
new, 119
primitive, 112
socialist, 38
socialist-oriented, 196 , 203
marriage, 86 , 92 , 138 , 264 , 307 , 339 , 358
Marxism–Leninism, 18 , 106 , 108
mass mediaseemedia.
MBC (Moonwha Broadcasting Company), 95
MDP (mandatory death penalty), 286 – 7
media, 91 , 205 , 228 , 231 , 237 , 274 , 329
laws, 97 – 9
Meiji Constitution, 7 , 17 – 18 , 67
Meiji reform, 17
Menteri Besar (state chief minister), 252 – 4 , 256
Merdeka Constitution, 258 , 262
Middle East, 6 , 8 , 43 , 58
midnight appointments, 306 , 316 , 318
military, 17 – 18 , 24 – 5 , 113 – 15 , 221 – 3 , 225 , 239 , 242
military coups, 24 , 31 , 235 – 6
military government, 3 , 17 , 20 , 24 , 221 – 2
military-first politics, 18 , 111 , 114
minorities, 20 , 81 , 94 , 176 , 221 , 306 , 354
ethnic, 106 , 221 , 228 , 370
religious, 310 , 332
minority judgments, 176
minority religions, 310 , 332
modernity, 268 , 323
modernization, 33 , 126 , 203 , 413
monarchies, 23 , 29 – 30 , 241 – 3 , 367 – 9 , 374 – 7 , 381 ,
389
constitutional, 7 , 19 , 23 – 5 , 29 , 232 , 251 , 261
Mongolia, 3 , 41 , 48
Moonwha Broadcasting Company (MBC), 95
morality, 2 , 30 , 73 , 308 , 334
of aspiration, 2 , 14 , 30
MPR (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat), 325 , 331 – 2
multiparty elections, 9 , 20 , 25 , 222 , 227 , 229
multiparty systems, 217 , 324 , 335
Muslimssee alsoIslam, 261 , 264 – 6 , 273 , 323 , 339 ,
347 , 350
Myanmarsee alsoBurma, 3 , 17 , 24 – 5 , 31 , 37 , 41 , 219