SMART CITIES IN JAPAN AND THEIR APPLICATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 107poor ventilation, whereas only 14.6 % of non-slum households are poorly
ventilated.
Electricity use levels in slums and non-slums are shown in Table 6.5.
The table reveals 95.5 % electricity provisions in non-slum households.
However, 91.5 % of slum households have access to electricity. Although
this discrepancy may be considered insignifi cant, over 31 % of slum house-
holds surprisingly have only temporary wiring compared to 12 % of non-
slum households.
(2) Waste
Waste management patterns in Indian slums are shown in Table 6.6. One-
third of slum households and one-fourth of non-slum household have no
access to any garbage collection arrangements. However, in the informal
sectors, poor working conditions for garbage pickers, scavengers, and
recycling workers are common.
(3) Transportation
Figure 6.2 shows the maximum distance to a place of work normally trav-
elled by a resident. The fi gure shows that despite poor living conditions
and low incomes that characterize slum households, slum residents travel
more on average than non-slum residents.
Figure 6.2 shows that a high proportion of non-slum households
engage in less than one kilometre of travel, and in all but this fi gure, slum
households outnumber non-slum households. This fi nding challenges tra-
ditional views that slum households are located close to workplaces. It also
reveals substantial burdens on slum households given the low income and
job accessibility levels that characterize them.
Table 6.4 Fuel and energy use in slums and non-slums of India, 2005 (multiple
answers)
Variables Slum Non-slum
Mainly cooking Mainly lighting Mainly cooking Mainly lightingFirewood (%) 45.69 0.41 21.38 0.14
Dung (%) 24.68 0 9.56 0.09
Crop residue (%) 0.55 0 1.30 0.04
Coal/charcoal (%) 4.83 0 5.66 0
Kerosene (%) 22.07 27.03 15.25 23.03
LPG (%) 33.38 0 54.11 0.53
Source: Desai and Vanneman ( 2009 )