72 R.G. DEWI ET AL.
(^21 14)
(^7 5)
40
35
36
29
36
30
140.3
114.0
204060801001201401602030 BaU 2030 CMmillion ton CO2Commercial
Industrial
Residential
Freight Transport
Passenger TransportFig. 4.9 Energy sector GHG emissions in DKI Jakarta in 2030
Transport mitigation results in the highest degree of emission reduc-
tion (i.e., 7 million tons of CO 2 from passenger transport and 2 million
tons of CO 2 from freight transport), followed by the industrial (7 million
tons of CO 2 ), commercial (6 million tons of CO 2 ), and residential sec-
tors (5 million tons of CO 2 ). This mitigation involves improvements in
transport infrastructure, transport management, regular emissions testing
(enforcing more effi cient vehicle use), energy-effi cient vehicle deployment
(best available technology (BAT)), the mode of transport shifting from
individual vehicles to mass public transport (MRT, bus-way, bus-feeder,
train, mono-rail), and eco-driving promotion. Changes in the transporta-
tion distribution of city and cross-border passenger and freight transport
from 2005 to 2030 are presented in Figs. 4.10 and 4.11.
There is also a shift in energy use from oil fuel to zero- or low-GHG
emitting fuels, such as biofuels and gas (natural gas and LPG). Figure 4.9
shows that the share of oil will decrease to 37 %, and the share of electric-
ity will increase to 27 % (similar to that in the BaU scenario). This change
results from replacing kerosene (beginning in 2007) with natural gas/
LPG and electricity (lighting and rice cooking) in the residential sector,
and oil fuel will be replaced by biofuels and natural energy sources (CNG/
LPG) in the transportation sector.
In terms of energy effi ciency measures, assumptions in effi ciency
improvements in each sector compared with current devices are presented
in Table 4.3. Effi ciency measures are expressed in terms of the penetration
share of BAT within the technology (device) mix on the end-user side.
These mitigation actions will lead to lower energy consumption levels in
2030 compared to those under the BaU scenario as the result of energy
effi ciency measures.