“9.61x6.69” b2815 Tissue Engineering and Nanotheranostics
Delivering Nanoparticles to Cancer Cells 217
Finally, this process can go awry in several ways — most leading
to cell death. But if it happens, that a mother centriole has more than
one daughter centriole (i.e. “twins”), the duplication process can be
accelerated and tumors can occur.
4. Preliminary Consideration III: Cellular
Electromagnetism
Microtubule filaments (see Sec. 1) are composed of approximately
40 a /b dimers connected endtoend. Each dimer has a positive/
negative charge with the net negative charge of the filament series
being at the proximal end. For a single dimer, the dipole, a moment
(an end charge multiplied by the separation of the charges) is approxi
mately 1000 Debye,29–34 where a Debye is 10–29 Coulomb meters
(cm). The dimer length is approximately 10 nm.
We also observed that the microtubule filaments can move rela
tive to one another. Some researchers have suggested oscillation fre
quencies with values of approximately 465 MHz.33,35,36 Since a moving
charge creates an EM field^29 and an oscillating accelerating charge
creates an oscillating EM field.
The evidence for the existence of cellular fields is manifold:
(1) The separation of the centriole pairs just after the younger pair is
formed, and then the movement of the younger pair about the
nucleus to the opposite side is suggestive of forces exerted at a
distance. Aside from gravity, only EM can exert forces at a
distance.
(2) In a Science article approximately 50 years ago, Paul Schafer^37
reported the maintenance of centriole orientation relative to
each other even though separated with no apparent physical
connection.
(3) As long ago as 1860, Dubois–Raymond discovered a potential
difference across the sides of an open wound.^38
(4) Potential differences across open wounds have also been investi
gated and reported by Weiss et al. in 1990^39 and by Chang and
Zou in 2006.^38
