0198566123.pdf

and for abundances of wildlife (e.g. see Gascon et al. 1999; Gates and Donald 2000). Conservation requires pragmatic decision- m ...

for another. Physical environmental change in both fragment and ‘matrix’ habitats has not generally been given enough attention ...

We cannot discuss the ecology of islands without making a few disparaging comments on goats. These creatures must be the true em ...

STOCHASTIC VERSUS DETERMINISTIC EXTINCTIONS 291 Although approximately 1.7 million species have been described, typical estimate ...

292 ANTHROPOGENIC LOSSES AND THREATS TO ISLAND ECOSYSTEMS If this involves very tight mutualisms (e.g. as can be involved in pol ...

THE SCALE OF ISLAND LOSSES GLOBALLY 293 numbers of island versus continental species, island forms have had about a 40 times gre ...

outnumber the historical losses. Table 11.3 provides a figure of 158 extinctions of island endemic birds in prehistoric times, b ...

THE AGENCIES OF DESTRUCTION 295 species grows on oceanic islands, but one in three of all known threatened plant species are isl ...

296 ANTHROPOGENIC LOSSES AND THREATS TO ISLAND ECOSYSTEMS Box 11.2 Some of the worst invasive alien species on islands The examp ...

THE AGENCIES OF DESTRUCTION 297 (continued) Common name Scientific name Origin Islands invaded Brown rat Rattus norvegicus NE Ch ...

pollination and dispersal networks, or hybridiza- tion. We illustrate both these forms of alteration in this section, reserving ...

THE AGENCIES OF DESTRUCTION 299 populations have been responsible for the local extinction of land iguanas in the Galápagos. Eve ...

Similarly, the introduction of an exotic plant can alter the insular networks in varying ways. The new plant can offer the nativ ...

THE AGENCIES OF DESTRUCTION 301 been among the native peoples of islands, particu- larly on first contact with Europeans. This f ...

due to habitat alteration and the interactions of sev- eral introduced organisms. The exotic birds and mosquitoes act as vectors ...

TRENDS IN THE CAUSES OF DECLINE 303 taxa, and for example are regarded as the principal threat to over 90% of 282 endangered pla ...

The species–area relationship overestimates species extinction threat in the Lesser Sundas, and this was suggested by Brooks et ...

PATTERNS OF LOSS ACROSS ISLAND TAXA 305 forests in which deforestation has been concentrated, hence over half of the Philippines ...

from lake sediments and the analysis of subfossil bones recovered from middens. Such studies have led to important insights into ...

PATTERNS OF LOSS ACROSS ISLAND TAXA 307 Extinctions of island vertebrates since AD 1600 have affected all the major oceans, but ...