0198566123.pdf

above sea level some 20 Ma (Fig. 2.9a), although their construction process began almost 70–80 Ma in the Late Cretaceous Era (An ...

The last 2 million years has been a period of great environmental dynamism in the Canaries. Volcanic mountain building activity ...

1 Volcanoes form over the hotspot and are sub- sequently removed from it by the movement of the Pacific plate, producing a linea ...

multiple volcanic island summits over 1000 and 2000 m (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Kahoolawe, and Hawaii) and with more e ...

Fig. 2.14. Beginning in the Eocene, left-lateral fault- ing along the northern Caribbean plate margin slowly moved Jamaica eastw ...

of dissection. More recently, Menard (1986) com- pared the values resulting with the ages determined by potassium–argon dating ( ...

makatea islands. Examples include Makatea itself (Tuamotu archipelago), Atiu (Cook Islands), and most of the inhabited islands o ...

THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF ISLANDS 35 to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenom- ena, can be of considerable ecological imp ...

36 ISLAND ENVIRONMENTS Sea level Lower vadose zone Upper vadose zone Key Secondary fractures Ground water compartment Isolated g ...

systems into two zones: the vadose zoneand the saturated or basal water zone. The vadose zone contains groundwater compartments, ...

interannual and an intraannual basis. However, in some areas, the ocean currents and wind currents are strongly directional and ...

NATURAL DISTURBANCE ON ISLANDS 39 Environmental disturbance regimes Biotic responses Evolution of the biota Ecosystem change Spe ...

●Type 5 eventsare those that destroy consumer systems, by which is meant human systems, possibly with subsequent repercussions f ...

evolutionarily conditioned by such storm events (Whittaker 1995; Walker et al. 1996). Not all extreme weather phenomena take the ...

resetting of the biological clock has occurred, with renewed colonization from other islands. Santorini in the Aegean Sea, whose ...

square kilometres around the islands. Lipman et al. (1988) and Moore et al. (1989) were amongst the first authors contributing i ...

created by such collapses are easily recognized. They include calderas (Taburiente in La Palma or Las Cañadas in Tenerife), vall ...

movement with a volume of c.400 km^3 , generating a mega-tsunami that transported boulders weigh- ing more than 1000 t on to ele ...

... the scarcity of kinds—the richness in endemic forms in particular classes or sections of classes,—the absence of whole group ...

INTRODUCTION: THE GLOBAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ISLAND BIODIVERSITY 47 Box 3.1 Islands as hotspots and their place in Conservation Inte ...