indeX^275Northaw Common, Hertfordshire 99
Northumberland 28, 86, 124, 150
Norway spruce 152
Norwich 25–6, 59, 61, 151, 167
nurseries 104, 130, 162
nut grounds 63, 128
oak 2–3, 22, 24, 50, 83, 183
American oak mildew disease 3
bark 121
gall wasp 131
in hedges 46, 50, 105 , 106, 143
holm/evergreen oak 131
in parks and gardens 129
named trees 129
plantations 120, 153, 175
timber 50, 106, 120–1
Turkey oak 130–1
oats 40, 52, 102, 137
oil cake 94
Oldham, C. 103, 182
opium poppy (Papaver
somnifernum) 12
orchards 52–3, 59, 61, 63, 128, 151
orchids 31, 38, 61, 82, 135
common spotted orchid
(Dactylorhiza fuchsii) 81,
151, 181
green-winged orchid (Orchis
morio) 135
marsh orchid (Dactyllorhiza
spp) 82
monkey orchid (Orchis simia) 97
soldier orchid (Orchis militaris) 97
southern marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza
majalis) 181
Oregon grape 123
osprey 124, 156
otter 54, 86, 148
Ouse, river 34, 66, 101
oxeye daisy (Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum) 38, 61
Oxford 11–12, 86
Oxford ragwort (Senecio
squalidus) 86, 165,
167, 172
Oxfordshire 30, 97, 99, 151
oxlips 70
oystercatcher 31
palynology 2
parks 2, 11–12, 62, 68–9, 116–17,
118 , 122–4, 127–31, 136, 147,
149, 149 , 150–1, 181
deer parks 6, 13–16, 14 , 21, 63–5,
67–9, 127–8, 155, 176
rabbits in 15
urban/public parks 157, 162,
164, 168–70, 173, 176–8,
180
Parnell, Sir John 49
partridge 10, 68–70, 123, 147–8
grey 42, 104
red-legged partridge 104
pasque flower (Pulsatilla vulgaris) 31,
61, 97
Peak District 4
Peak Forest, Derbyshire 29
pear 2, 52
pearl-bordered fritillary 23
peas 40
Peasants’ Revolt 15
peat 19, 28–9, 33–6, 77–8, 88, 99,
112, 144–5, 174, 188
Peel Park, Manchester 162
peewit see lapwing
Pennines 29, 78–9, 82, 123
peppered moth (Pachys betularia) 162
peregrine falcon 81, 124
pest control 54, 72, 125, 135, 172
pesticide 40, 184–5
pests 40, 72, 102, 151–2, 193
Petch, C. P. 32
petty spurge 179
pheasant 16, 68–70, 123,
147, 176
pheasants eye (Adonis annua) 40
phlox 130, 172
pied flycatcher 10, 175
pied wagtail 174
pigeon, domesticated/feral 16, 60, 65,
67–9, 128, 166
wood pigeon 56, 109, 113, 121,
176–7
pignut (Conopodium majus) 23
pigs 4, 60
pike 16, 85
pillow mounds 15, 63–4, 66, 67
see also warrens