CURN. See Conduct and Utilization of Research in
Nursing Project
cycle of scientific development, 23, 24f
D
data. See also evidence collection
distribution patterns
asymmetric distributions, 342
normal distribution, 342–344, 348f, 350f, 355
qualitative research
analyzing and interpreting for, 226–228
collecting for, 224–226
data analysis
appraisal of, 270, 271b
systematic review, 313
data extraction, 383
data interpretation, 316
data management, coding and data reduction, 380–383
data reduction
data analysis and interpretation for qualitative
research, 227
defined, 381
data saturation
qualitative research, 223
sample size, determining, 301
trustworthiness, establishing, 393, 393b
databases
electronic, 111–114
electronic indexes, 106
format of, 108–109
topic and subject matter, 108
variations in, 107–109
Declaration of Helsinki, 55
deductive reasoning, defined, 18, 19t
deductive research, 135
degrees of freedom, 363
dependability
defined, 393
qualitative research, evaluation of, 228, 229
trustworthiness, establishing, 393, 393b
dependent variables, 82
description methodology, 231
descriptive correlational designs, 182
descriptive designs, nonexperimental designs,
181–182
descriptive epidemiology, 200
defined, 194
person, 200–201, 201t
place, 201–202, 201t
time, 201–202, 201t, 202 b
descriptive research, defined, 15
descriptive statistics, 332
statistical symbols for, 332t
descriptive studies, 408
descriptive study designs, 204–208
case reports or series, 205
cross-sectional studies, 206–208
ecologic studies, 205–206
determinants, 193
defined, 194
developing oneself, defined, 456
dichotomous, defined, 261
diet, 106
dilemmas in qualitative research, ethics of, 384, 397t
direct observations, 272
direction, and covariance of variables, 351
directional hypotheses
defined, 80
further categorization of, 79f, 80
nondirectional vs, 80
research question, example for, 81t
disciplined reflection, described, 243
discriminate function analysis, 369
discussion section of research articles, 21
disease frequency, measures of
epidemiologic measures, 197–198
prevalence and incidence, 198–199
dispersion, 332
dissemination of insights
dissemination, defined, 490
papers, 501–503, 502b
posters, 491–499, 493b, 494f, 496t, 497f
presentations, oral, 499–501, 500b
responsibility of nurses for, 510
role of nurse, 489–490
3 Ps of dissemination
overview, 491–492
papers, 501–503, 502b
posters, 491–499, 493b, 494f, 496t, 497f
presentations, oral, 499–501, 500b
Dissertation Abstracts Online literature search, 315
literature search, 315
subject-specific database, 117t
distribution, 193
defined, 194
distribution of data
asymmetric distributions, 342
normal distribution, 342–344, 348f, 350f, 355INDEX 535