Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses

evidence types
peer-reviewed and refereed sources, 98–99
periodicals, journals, and magazines, 99
primary and secondary sources, 98
reviews, types of, 99–101
scholarly, trade, and popular literature, 99
scientific literature publication cycle, 96–98, 97f
evidence, using through collaboration
chapter objectives and key terms, 42
collaboration levels
individual nurse level, 44–46, 46b
international level, 53–54
model of EBP levels of collaboration,
43–44, 44f
national level, 51–52
organizational level, 51–52
regional level, 50–51, 51f
ethics
beneficence, 58
guidelines for ethical research, 55–59, 56b, 57t
institutional review boards, 56, 59–63
justice, 58–59
nurses as patient advocates, 63–64
respect for persons, 57–58
learning, applying, 65
rapid review, 64–65
ex post facto design, 162
exclusion criteria for samples, 288–289
exempt categories of research, 62, 62b
Expanded Academic ASAP database, 116
expedited review of research study, defined, 61
experience, previous, as source of evidence, 6
experimental designs, 212
cause and effect relationships, evidence for, 171
crossover designs, 165
defined, 172
factorial designs, 175–176, 176t
multiple experimental groups designs, 175
purpose of, 150, 151
required features of, 171, 172
Solomon four-group designs, 173t, 174–175
true experimental designs, 172–173, 173t
two-group posttest-only designs, 173t, 174
two-group pretest-posttest designs, 173–174, 173t
experts, consulting with, for information, 103–104
explanatory research, defined, 15
exploding technique for searching electronic
databases, 115
exploratory design, defined, 182
exposure, defined, 205

external validity

construct validity, 158–160

defined, 158

interaction of treatment and history, 161

interaction of treatment and setting, 160

interaction of treatment with selection of

subjects, 160

reactivity, 159

selection, effects of, 160

extraneous variables

defined, 82

quantitative design, 152

F

face validity, 266

factor analysis, 267, 268

factorial designs, 175–176, 176t

false-negative result, defined, 214

false-positive result, defined, 214

feedback, for manuscripts, 504

fieldwork

preparing for, 276

qualitative research, 224, 276

finding evidence, purpose of, 93–96

Fisher’s exact probability test, 364t, 366

flexibility to change, as characteristic of, 451

focus groups

defined, 272

grounded theory, 235

qualitative data, collecting, 273–274

follow-up studies, in longitudinal design, 164

fonts for posters, 493b

formats of information sources, 108, 109

Forces of Magnetism, 478, 479t

frequency

samples, using to describe, 333–336, 335t

symbol for, 334t

frequency polygon, 336f

From Novice to Expert (Benner), 233

full review

Code of Federal Regulations, 59, 61b

of research study, defined, 61

G

gatekeeper, in ethnography, 238

generalizability of evidence application, 417

generalize, defined, 71

538 INDEX