refereed sources, type of evidence, 98–99
references, citation guidelines for, 21
referential adequacy, 228, 229
reflexivity, 393, 394b
regional level of collaboration, 50–51, 51t
regional resource centers of excellence for EBP,
50–51, 50t
Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario, 318
rejection, defined, 403, 404
relative risk, defined, 211
reliability
attributes of, 269t
defined, 268
testing for, 268, 270
replication studies, 15, 71, 388
reports
approaches to reporting qualitative data, 385–391
format for, 390
writing, 388–391
representativeness of samples
checking for, 388
defined, 287
inclusion and exclusion criteria, 289
nonprobability sampling methods, 296t
probability sampling methods, 291t
sampling bias, 295
sampling error, 289
steps to ensure, 15b, 288b
research. See also nursing research
design, overview of, 149–150
defined, 14
hypotheses
defined, 80
null vs., 80–81
research question, example for, 81t
imperative, defined, 63
mixed methods, using, 138
previous, and identifying research problems,
71–72
related barriers, 434–435
research articles, components of, 19–21, 20f
special language of, 135–138
variables, in descriptive designs, 183
Research in Nursing and Health, 26
research integrity, 397t
research problem, defined, 70
research process, 75–76
research quality, 397t
research questions, identifying
chapter objectives and key terms, 68
clinical problems guiding research questions
nursing research problems, identifying, 69–73, 70f
problem of interest, narrowing, 74–75
problem solving, nursing process, and research
process, 75–76
problem statements, developing, 76–77, 77b
defined, 76–77
EBP questions, formulating, 84–86
ethics, 87
hypotheses, developing
defined, 78
evaluation criteria, 78b
types of, 78–81, 79f, 81t
learning, applying, 88
rapid review, 88–89
research topic, defined, 74
research utilization, defined, 4, 27
respect for persons, 57–58
results
dissemination of, 316
results section of research articles, 21
use and misuse of, 397t
resuscitation, early methods of, based on untested
theory, 134
retrospective design, 162
review of literature
integrative reviews, 100–101
meta-analyses, 101
narrative reviews, 100
research articles, component of, 19–20
systematic reviews, 101
understanding, importance of, 99–100
risk/benefit analysis as IRB area of concern, 60t
risk-benefit ratios, 216
Robb, Isabel Hampton, 24
role models, and orientation programs, 458
Royal College of Nursing, 318
Rule of 68-95-99.7, and data distribution, 348–351,
349 f, 350f
rule of 30, for sample size, 300S
safeguards, as IRB area of concern, 60t
sample
defined, 286
population, relationship to, 286f
sampling, for qualitative research, 223
size, determining, 299–301548 INDEX